The Acute Effects of External Compression With Blood Flow Restriction on Maximal Strength and Strength-Endurance Performance of the Upper Limbs

Wilk, Michał; Krzysztofik, Michał; Filip, Aleksandra; Lockie, Robert G.; Zając, Adam

doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00567

Cited by 30 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, not only physiological factors but also mechanical energy generated by the cuff can be a potential factor that influences the magnitude of acute changes during exercise under external compression. This statement was also confirmed by Rawska et al [29] and Wilk et al [32]. Rawska et al [29] showed an increase in the number of performed repetitions (5 sets) during the bench press exercise at a load of 80% 1-RM under external compression (80% AOP), compared to control conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Rawska et al [29] showed an increase in the number of performed repetitions (5 sets) during the bench press exercise at a load of 80% 1-RM under external compression (80% AOP), compared to control conditions. Similarly, Wilk et al [32] showed that extremely high pressure of external compression (150% AOP) significantly increased the result of the 1-RM test and the strength-endurance performance during the bench press exercise. However, such a positive effect was observed only at a pressure of 150% AOP and not at the lower value of 100% AOP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…This indicates that pressure above 100% AOP can significantly enhance exercise performance. However, as Wilk et al [32] suggested, these results cannot translate to other types of exercises or to lower limbs, which requires further research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Previous studies indicate that external compression causing blood flow restriction increases the effectiveness of resistance exercises, however most studies concern chronic adaptive changes [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. There are only a few studies related to the acute impact of external compression on performance during resistance exercise [5,[29][30][31][32], and only one considered the impact of BFR on power output and bar velocity changes [14]. Wilk et al [14] indicated that intermittent, high-pressure external compression increases power output and bar velocity during the bench press exercise at 70% 1-RM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes

Gepfert

Krzysztofik

Kostrzewa

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of external compression with blood flow restriction on power output and bar velocity changes during the back-squat exercise (SQ). The study included 10 judo athletes (age = 28.4 ± 5.8 years; body mass = 81.3 ± 13.1 kg; SQ one-repetition maximum (1-RM) 152 ± 34 kg; training experience 10.7 ± 2.3 years). Methods: The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed three different exercise protocols: (1) control, without external compression (CONT); (2) intermittent external compression with pressure of 100% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) (EC-100); and (3) intermittent external compression with pressure of 150% AOP (EC-150). To assess the differences between conditions, the participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the SQ at 70% 1-RM. The differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between the three conditions were examined using repeated measures two-way ANOVA. Results: The post hoc analysis for the main effect of conditions showed a significant increase in PP (p = 0.03), PV (p = 0.02), MP (p = 0.04), and MV (p = 0.03), for the EC-150, compared to the CONT. Furthermore, a statistically significant increase in PP (p = 0.04), PV (p = 0.03), MP (p = 0.02), and MV (p = 0.01) were observed for the EC-150 compared to EC-100. There were no significant changes in PP, PV, MP, and MV, between EC-100 and CONT conditions. Conclusion: The results indicate that the use of extremely high-pressure external compression (150% AOP) during high-loaded (70% 1-RM) lower limb resistance exercise elicits an acute increase in power output and bar velocity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes

Gepfert

Krzysztofik

Kostrzewa

et al. 2020

IJERPH

Self Cite

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“…Currently, there are no guidelines for determining the optimal pressure as well as the time of restriction for exercise under BFR when the goal is acute increases of strength or power performance. Furthermore, a recent study by Wilk et al [42] has shown the positive effect of extremely high pressure (150%AOP) on acute strength and strength endurance performance enhancement. This study suggested that not only BFR but also external muscle compression and mechanical energy generated by the cuff may be an important factor in the effectiveness of occlusion during the resistance exercise [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Occur during the Bench Press Exercise under Blood Flow Restriction?

Wilk

Krzysztofik

Filip

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) during successive sets of the bench press (BP) exercise under blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods: The study included 10 strength-trained males (age = 29.8 ± 4.6 years; body mass = 94.3 ± 3.6 kg; BP 1-repetition maximum (1RM) = 168.5 ± 26.4 kg). The experiment was performed following a randomized crossover design, where each participant performed two different exercise protocols: under blood flow restriction (BFR) and control test protocol (CONT) without blood flow restriction. During the experimental sessions, the study participants performed 3 sets of 3 repetitions of the BP exercise at 70%1RM with a 5 min rest interval between sets. The differences in peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) between the CONT and BFR conditions were examined using 2-way (condition × set) repeated measures ANOVA. Furthermore, t-test comparisons between conditions were made for the set 2–set 1, set 3–set 1, and set 3–set 2 delta values for all variables. Results: The post hoc results for condition × set interaction in PP showed a significant increase in set 2 compared to set 1 for BFR (p < 0.01) and CONT (p = 0.01) conditions, a significant increase in set 3 compared to set 1 for the CONT (p = 0.01) condition, as well as a significant decrease in set 3 compared to set 1 for BFR condition occurred (p < 0.01). The post hoc results for condition × set interaction in PV showed a significant increase in set 2 compared to set 1 for BFR (p < 0.01) and CONT (p = 0.01) conditions, a significant increase in set 3 compared to set 1 for CONT (p = 0.03) condition, as well as a significant decrease in set 3 compared to set 1 for BFR condition (p < 0.01). The t-test comparisons showed significant differences in PP (p < 0.01) and PV (p = 0.01) for set 3–set 2 delta values between BFR and CONT conditions. Conclusion: The PAPE effect was analyzed through changes in power output and bar velocity that occurred under both the CONT and BFR conditions. However, the effects of PAPE have different kinetics in successive sets for BFR and for CONT conditions.

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Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise

Nuzzo,

Pinto,

Nosaka

et al. 2023

Sports Med

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The maximal number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of the one repetition maximum (1RM) [REPS ~ %1RM relationship] is foundational knowledge in resistance exercise programming. The current REPS ~ %1RM relationship is based on few studies and has not incorporated uncertainty into estimations or accounted for between-individuals variation. Therefore, we conducted a meta-regression to estimate the mean and between-individuals standard deviation of the number of repetitions that can be completed at various percentages of 1RM. We also explored if the REPS ~ %1RM relationship is moderated by sex, age, training status, and/or exercise. A total of 952 repetitions-to-failure tests, completed by 7289 individuals in 452 groups from 269 studies, were identified. Study groups were predominantly male (66%), healthy (97%), < 59 years of age (92%), and resistance trained (60%). The bench press (42%) and leg press (14%) were the most commonly studied exercises. The REPS ~ %1RM relationship for mean repetitions and standard deviation of repetitions were best described using natural cubic splines and a linear model, respectively, with mean and standard deviation for repetitions decreasing with increasing %1RM. More repetitions were evident in the leg press than bench press across the loading spectrum, thus separate REPS ~ %1RM tables were developed for these two exercises. Analysis of moderators suggested little influences of sex, age, or training status on the REPS ~ %1RM relationship, thus the general main model REPS ~ %1RM table can be applied to all individuals and to all exercises other than the bench press and leg press. More data are needed to develop REPS ~ %1RM tables for other exercises.

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The Acute Effects of External Compression With Blood Flow Restriction on Maximal Strength and Strength-Endurance Performance of the Upper Limbs

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes

The Acute Impact of External Compression on Back Squat Performance in Competitive Athletes

Does Post-Activation Performance Enhancement Occur during the Bench Press Exercise under Blood Flow Restriction?

Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise

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