The acute effects of continuous and intermittent cycling on executive function in children

Martins, Ricardo; Duncan, Michael; Clark, Cain C. T.; Eyre, Emma

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103363

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The test–retest reliability is 0.84 [ 36 ]. The effects of acute exercise on inhibition were derived from studies using the Stroop test in a great deal of the literature [ 11 , 13 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. It included three conditions: the congruent; the neutral; and the incongruent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stimuli in the congruent condition were color names painted in the same color (e.g., the word “blue” painted in blue), which is used to measure the processing speed (basic cognitive function). The stimuli in the incongruent condition were color names printed in different colors (e.g., the word “blue” painted in red), used to assess the inhibitory function (high-ordered cognitive function), specifically, the ability to make use of the cognitive control mechanism in order to inhibit word reading and activate the color-naming process [ 11 , 39 ]. The stimuli in the neutral condition were words unrelated to color in different colors (e.g., the word “teach” painted in purple).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children

Zhang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study aimed to examine whether a single bout each of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and high-intensity continuous exercise (HICE) could improve inhibitory functions of overweight and obese children, and which mode of exercise was more beneficial. Seventy-two overweight and obese children, with (26.02 ± 1.05 kg/m2), aged 10–14 years (11.56 ± 1.03 years), were randomly assigned to three groups. The HIIE group completed a 30-min treadmill exercise session (5-min warm up, 20-min HIIE, and 5-min cool-down). The HICE group performed 30 min of rope skipping, while the control (CON) group watched a designated cartoon on a tablet computer for the same duration. Reaction time and number of errors in the Stroop test were determined before and after the intervention. The difference between pre- and post-test reaction time scores was higher in the HIIE and HICE groups than in the CON group, while the pre- and post-test difference in the number of errors was similar between groups. Overall, it is likely that both acute HIIE and HICE were similarly efficient in facilitating cognitive and inhibitory functions of children with overweight and obesity conditions, supporting the benefits of acute high-intensity exercise probability for cognitive functions of children in general, as well as of the population with overweight and obesity conditions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children

Zhang

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The Stroop test measures response inhibition (cognitive control and reaction time) mediated by prefrontal cortical functioning [ 41 ], and it has been widely used to assess the effects of acute PA on cognitive inhibition [ 7 , 15 , 42 , 43 ]. The Stroop test has good reliability ( r > 0.80) and validity for children (5–17 years of age) [ 44 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Stroop interference score considered the response times for incongruent responses in relation to congruent responses (i.e., reaction times for incongruent minus congruent stimuli). Participant and practice requirements, stimulus fixation times, and measures of performance were software standards [ 36 ] and followed the same protocol as previous studies [ 43 , 45 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Acute Effects of the Daily Mile™ vs. Shuttle Runs on Children’s Cognitive and Affective Responses

Martins

Duncan

Clark

et al. 2022

Sports

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Background: This study investigated the acute effects of two physical activity (PA) bouts on children’s cognitive and affective responses. Methods: Twenty-nine participants (16 boys and 13 girls; Mage = 9.34 years, SD = 0.48), using a within-subjects crossover design, performed three 15-minute conditions: (a) TDM—The Daily Mile™; (b) 12 repeated 30–45-second shuttle runs at ≥ 85% HRMAX; and (c) a sedentary control condition. Cognitive performance (i.e., Stroop, Digit Span, and Corsi blocks) was measured before PA and 1 and 30 min post-PA. Felt Arousal and Feeling Scale self-report scales were administered before, during, and after PA. Results: The results show no changes following the TDM condition relative to the sedentary control condition in cognitive responses. However, when comparing the shuttle runs condition to the sedentary control condition, participants showed higher arousal, an improved reaction time, and lower self-reported pleasure at 1 min post-PA. Nevertheless, at 30 min post-PA, participants’ pleasure values were higher in the shuttle runs condition than they were before PA. Conclusions: When comparing PA conditions, shuttle runs enhanced reaction time and might thus be seen as an option to implement or modify PA opportunities in school settings.

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“…The Stroop test was used to assess the children’s inhibitory control. The test has been widely used in studies investigating the effects of PA on the inhibition in children [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The test was administered using PsyToolkit [ 53 , 54 ]: an online coding tool that allowed us to design and deliver the cognitive tests entirely online.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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This online study investigated the acute effects of a cognitively demanding physical activity (CDPA) vs a simple physical activity (SPA) bout on children’s inhibitory and affective responses. Using a counterbalanced within-subjects’ crossover design, thirty-nine participants aged 9–12 years old (29 boys; Mage = 11 ± 1 years) performed a CDPA and a SPA bout online (via ZOOM) for 15 min. Inhibition (Stroop test) was measured at the baseline, 1 and 30 min following the physical activity (PA) bouts, and self-report measures of affect, mental and physical exertion were taken prior, during and post-PA. Additionally, 31 children took part in semi-structured focus groups to explore the factors affecting their enjoyment. The quantitative results suggest no significant differences on inhibitory responses, affect and physical exertion (all p > 0.05). However, the CDPA induced more mental exertion than the SPA did (p < 0.05). In the focus groups, four themes were identified: physical exertion (e.g., tiredness), social (e.g., teams/groups), environment (e.g., outdoors and competition) and emotional (e.g., fun/enjoyment). Some children (n = 18) reported that the CDPA condition confused them, and to make these activities more interesting and enjoyable, they suggested performing the activities outdoors (n = 15) and including other children as part of a group/team (n = 19). The findings suggest no additional benefit of a cognitively enriched physical activity compared to an SPA bout on the inhibitory responses, affect and enjoyment. Using the instructions provided and given the low cost, the easy administration and the minimal amount of equipment and time involved, either of the approaches may be used in a diversity of contexts (i.e., online, schools or outdoors), and it is worth exploring the effects of these conditions on other aspects of executive function.

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The acute effects of continuous and intermittent cycling on executive function in children

Cited by 5 publications

References 60 publications

Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children

Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children

Exploring the Acute Effects of the Daily Mile™ vs. Shuttle Runs on Children’s Cognitive and Affective Responses

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

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