Exploring the Acute Effects of the Daily Mile™ vs. Shuttle Runs on Children’s Cognitive and Affective Responses

Martins, Ricardo; Duncan, Michael; Clark, Cain C. T.; Eyre, Emma

doi:10.3390/sports10100142

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(94 reference statements)

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“…The Stroop test was used to assess the children’s inhibitory control. The test has been widely used in studies investigating the effects of PA on the inhibition in children [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. The test was administered using PsyToolkit [ 53 , 54 ]: an online coding tool that allowed us to design and deliver the cognitive tests entirely online.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

et al. 2022

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This online study investigated the acute effects of a cognitively demanding physical activity (CDPA) vs a simple physical activity (SPA) bout on children’s inhibitory and affective responses. Using a counterbalanced within-subjects’ crossover design, thirty-nine participants aged 9–12 years old (29 boys; Mage = 11 ± 1 years) performed a CDPA and a SPA bout online (via ZOOM) for 15 min. Inhibition (Stroop test) was measured at the baseline, 1 and 30 min following the physical activity (PA) bouts, and self-report measures of affect, mental and physical exertion were taken prior, during and post-PA. Additionally, 31 children took part in semi-structured focus groups to explore the factors affecting their enjoyment. The quantitative results suggest no significant differences on inhibitory responses, affect and physical exertion (all p > 0.05). However, the CDPA induced more mental exertion than the SPA did (p < 0.05). In the focus groups, four themes were identified: physical exertion (e.g., tiredness), social (e.g., teams/groups), environment (e.g., outdoors and competition) and emotional (e.g., fun/enjoyment). Some children (n = 18) reported that the CDPA condition confused them, and to make these activities more interesting and enjoyable, they suggested performing the activities outdoors (n = 15) and including other children as part of a group/team (n = 19). The findings suggest no additional benefit of a cognitively enriched physical activity compared to an SPA bout on the inhibitory responses, affect and enjoyment. Using the instructions provided and given the low cost, the easy administration and the minimal amount of equipment and time involved, either of the approaches may be used in a diversity of contexts (i.e., online, schools or outdoors), and it is worth exploring the effects of these conditions on other aspects of executive function.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

et al. 2022

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“…Moreover, the authors concluded that short bouts of just 6-10 min of VPA were sufficient to enhance inhibition (ES = 0.24), making VPA particularly time-efficient. Importantly, intermittent short exercise bouts have been suggested as a more effective way to target children's cognition, as these more closely mimic their naturally occurring patterns of activity (Martins et al, 2022). In a metaanalysis of high intensity interval training (HIIT) interventionsby its very nature an intermittent exercise protocol, consisting of short bouts of very high intensity exercise at >85% of maximal heart rate- Leahy et al (2020) found even greater positive effects [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.50] of intermittent VPA for general EF.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvements in 4th graders' task behavior after physical activity: mediation by inhibition?

Heemskerk,

Roebers

2024

Front. Cognit.

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IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate if the acute effects of a physical activity (PA) break on the on-task and off-task classroom behavior of primary school children are mediated by inhibition. Combining arousal theory and the cognitive stimulation hypothesis, we employed a 15-min intermittent PA protocol aiming at high-intensity with cognitive demands. We were interested in the effects of PA in real-life settings and in a feasible and sustainable manner for teachers. Thus, the PA session was short and all data collection carried out in ecologically valid school and classroom environments.MethodsFifteen 4th grade classes were randomly assigned to the experimental group (EG; eight classes, n = 120) or waitlist control group (WCG; seven classes, n = 91). Participants were observed during normal classroom lessons for 25 min before and after the PA break (EG) or a business-as-usual lesson (WCG) and completed the Hearts and Flowers task, a task measuring primarily inhibition, once per observation block. We analyzed the effect of PA on inhibition with ANOVA and the effect on behavior and mediation effect with logistic multilevel models.ResultsThe PA break positively affected inhibition with a small effect. Active off-task classroom behavior was higher at post-test in the WCG, but not the EG. Of practical importance, intercept-slope interactions indicated that those with higher levels of off-task behavior at pre-test experienced greater benefits of the PA breaks. No significant mediation of the effect of PA on task-related behaviors via inhibition was found.DiscussionIn conclusion, a time-efficient PA break can improve inhibition and off-task classroom behavior in primary school children. Although these effects occur concurrently, they appear to be independent of each other.

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“…Another small number of studies carried out with children show that low to high-intensity physical activity provides immediate gains in executive function [ 29 , 30 ]. Nevertheless, few studies have delved into determining the optimal level of PA that exerts the highest impact on CP among adolescents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Physical Activity Levels on Cognitive Performance: Research in Portuguese Adolescents

Rodrigues,

Antunes,

Sabino

et al. 2024

Sports

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The literature unequivocally acknowledges the numerous health benefits that physical activity (PA) provides. However, in other variables, such as cognitive performance (CP), the PA characteristics required to elicit favorable benefits remain controversial, particularly among adolescents. The aim was to investigate the evolution of CP in adolescents over the school year, as well as the role of regular PA levels. The study included 366 adolescents (boys n = 154), between 12 and 20 years old (15.46 ± 1.63), from middle school (n = 123) and high school (n = 243). CP was assessed through a face-to-face interview employing the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument. The variation in CP (∆CP) was determined by the difference between the value of the final assessment (end of the school year) and the initial assessment (start of the school year). PA was assessed using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+). The CP score improved from the initial to the final assessment (37.80 ± 9.26 vs. 40.45 ± 10.05) (t = −6.135; p < 0.001; Glass’s Delta = 0.37. Multiple linear regression revealed that age (ß = −0.332; t = −4.255; p < 0.001) and high-intensity PA (ß = 0.283; t = 3.627; p < 0.001) accounted for 17.2% of the variation in ∆CP. CP improved significantly over the school year, emphasizing the significance of age and vigorous PA in ∆CP in adolescents.

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Exploring the Acute Effects of the Daily Mile™ vs. Shuttle Runs on Children’s Cognitive and Affective Responses

Cited by 4 publications

References 61 publications

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

The Acute Effects of Cognitively Demanding Physical Activity on Inhibitory and Affective Responses in Children: An Online-Based Mixed Methods Approach

Improvements in 4th graders' task behavior after physical activity: mediation by inhibition?

The Effect of Physical Activity Levels on Cognitive Performance: Research in Portuguese Adolescents

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