The active selfish herd

Algar, Shannon D.; Stemler, Thomas; Small, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2019.03.021

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…So, cooperation plays a major role in attaining refuge within a living prey population group, but this is not necessarily always the case. Underlying intraspecific competition may be found among the group members, which can be explained by the selfish-herd effect [41,42]. Though each member enjoys the benefit of decreasing the domain of danger when living in a group than as a solitary forager, those individuals who are present outside the group still have a larger domain of danger compared to those at the core, and thus, they may compete with each other to take shelter at the core of the group [39,43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Cooperation and Intra-Specific Competition of Prey on the Stability of Prey–Predator Models with Refuge

Pal,

Al Basir,

Ray

2023

MCA

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The main objective of this study is to find out the influences of cooperation and intra-specific competition in the prey population on escaping predation through refuge and the effect of the two intra-specific interactions on the dynamics of prey–predator systems. For this purpose, two mathematical models with Holling type II functional response functions were proposed and analyzed. The first model includes cooperation among prey populations, whereas the second one incorporates intra-specific competition. The existence conditions and stability of different equilibrium points for both models were analyzed to determine the qualitative behaviors of the systems. Refuge through intra-specific competition has a stabilizing role, whereas cooperation has a destabilizing role on the system dynamics. Periodic oscillations were observed in both systems through Hopf bifurcation. From the analytical and numerical findings, we conclude that intra-specific competition affects the prey population and continuously controls the refuge class under a critical value, and thus, it never becomes too large to cause predator extinction due to food scarcity. Conversely, cooperation leads the maximal number of individuals to escape predation through the refuge so that predators suffer from low predation success.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Cooperation and Intra-Specific Competition of Prey on the Stability of Prey–Predator Models with Refuge

Pal,

Al Basir,

Ray

2023

MCA

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“…Individuals of numerous species, including insects, fish, mammals and birds, frequently move collectively in an ordered fashion. Both grouping and collective motion aid in the reduction of predation risk: they decrease the chance per individual of being caught ('dilution effect' [1]), increase its odds of spotting the predator early ('many eyes' [1]), decrease the area individuals are at risk of being attacked from by a predator ('selfish herd' [2,3]) and help individuals to confuse the predator ('confusion effect' [1,4,5]). Under attack, bird flocks react with collective escape, that is, a series of coordinated motions of flock members resulting in specific patterns such as compacting, collective turns, wave events, flash expansions, cordons, splits and merges [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A robotic falcon induces similar collective escape responses in different bird species

Storms,

Carere,

Musters

et al. 2024

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Patterns of collective escape of a bird flock from a predator are fascinating, but difficult to study under natural conditions because neither prey nor predator is under experimental control. We resolved this problem by using an artificial predator (RobotFalcon) resembling a peregrine falcon in morphology and behaviour. We imitated hunts by chasing flocks of corvids, gulls, starlings and lapwings with the RobotFalcon, and compared their patterns of collective escape to those when chased by a conventional drone and, in case of starlings, hunted by wild peregrine falcons. Active pursuit of flocks, rather than only flying nearby by either the RobotFalcon or the drone, made flocks collectively escape more often. The RobotFalcon elicited patterns of collective escape in flocks of all species more often than the drone. Attack altitude did not affect the frequency of collective escape. Starlings escaped collectively equally often when chased by the RobotFalcon or a wild peregrine falcon. Flocks of all species reacted most often by collective turns, second most often by compacting and third by splitting into subflocks. This study demonstrates the potential of an artificial aerial predator for studying the collective escape behaviour of free-living birds, opening exciting avenues in the empirical study of prey–predator interactions.

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“…Although Hamiltons concept looks straightforward, the necessary motional strategies of individuals can be rather complex due to their competition for small DODs. In previous agent-based numerical simulations, the SHH has been studied by using simplifying motional rules aiming to achieve minimization of DODs ( Hamilton, 1971 , Viscido et al, 2002 , Morton et al, 1994 , James et al, 2004 , Ose and Ohmann, 2017 , Algar et al, 2019 ). However, such approaches do not warrant an optimal strategy of individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%