The action of low dose endotoxin on equine bowel motility

King, J. N.; Gerring, E. L.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02705.x

Cited by 76 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…1 Endotoxemia, excessive distension of the intestine, peritoneal inflammation or irritation, and ischemia or inflammation of the intestinal wall have been cited as causes for adynamic ileus. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] The actual mechanisms responsible for the development of adynamic ileus are not fully understood, although several studies suggest that nociceptive stimulation of the peritoneum inhibits gastrointestinal motility by the activation of inhibitory reflexes. 8 Several therapeutic agents have been used, with variable success, to prevent and treat POI in other species.…”

Section: P Ostoperative Ileus (Poi) Is a Common Complication Af-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous Lidocaine and Small‐Intestinal Size, Abdominal Fluid, and Outcome after Colic Surgery in Horses

Brianceau¹,

Chevalier

Karas

et al. 2002

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Twenty-eight horses with the diagnosis of an intestinal disorder requiring surgical intervention were randomly assigned to lidocaine (n ϭ 13) or saline (control, n ϭ 15) treatment groups. After induction of anesthesia, treated horses received a loading dose of 2% lidocaine (0.65 mg/kg) intravenously, followed by a continuous rate of infusion of 1% lidocaine (0.025 mg/kg/min) until the discontinuation of anesthesia. Upon recovery from anesthesia, a 2nd loading dose of 2% lidocaine (1.3 mg/kg) was administered, followed by an infusion of 1% lidocaine (0.05 mg/kg/min) for 24 hours postoperatively. The control group received equivalent volumes of saline. Lidocaine-treated horses had significantly better minimum jejunal cross-sectional area scores (P ϭ .011), minimum jejunal diameter scores (P ϭ .002), and intestinal ultrasound index (IUI) (P ϭ .007). Peritoneal fluid was detected by percutaneous ultrasound examination in 8 of the 15 control animals but in none of the treated animals (P ϭ .003). Failure to obtain fluid via abdominocentesis was significantly more frequent for lidocaine-treated horses (P ϭ .025). No significant differences between the groups were found in the presence of gastrointestinal sounds, time to passage of 1st feces, number of defecations in the 1st 24 hours, presence of gastric reflux, duodenal or jejunal wall thickness, maximum duodenal or jejunal diameter or crosssectional area, minimum duodenal diameter or cross-sectional area, duodenal and jejunal intraluminal echogenicity, small-intestinal contractions per minute, rate of complications, or outcome. On the basis of this study, lidocaine infusion may have some desirable effects on jejunal distension and peritoneal fluid accumulation and was well tolerated perioperatively in horses with colic. The low incidence of small-intestinal lesions and gastric reflux in the study makes it difficult to assess the use of lidocaine in the prevention of postoperative ileus (POI).

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Section: P Ostoperative Ileus (Poi) Is a Common Complication Af-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous Lidocaine and Small‐Intestinal Size, Abdominal Fluid, and Outcome after Colic Surgery in Horses

Brianceau¹,

Chevalier

Karas

et al. 2002

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…In horses, fermentation takes place in the intestine with considerable activity by the intestinal flora [8,9], and 16% of the total amount of H2 generated is, then, discharged from the lungs [2]. In the case of acute abdomen, such as ileus, meteorism results from a discontinuation of intestinal motility, leading to abnormal generation of gas due to bacterial overgrowth [4,10]. Thus, measurement of breath concentrations of H2 and CH4 is useful in diagnosis of acute abdomen such as ileus or colic because it provides an effective indicator of bacterial growth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement for Breath Concentration of Hydrogen and Methane in Horses

Sasaki

Hobo

Yoshihara

1999

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. This study concerns the establishment of a simple testing method for breath concentration of hydrogen and methane in horses. Twenty-eight healthy thoroughbreds and 24 Arabians were used. Breath samples were collected using one-minute closed circulatory respiration through an aluminum bag filled with 10 liters of pure oxygen, which was mounted on the subjects by means of a face mask. Breath samples obtained, were analyzed by gas chromatography. A significant correlation in both hydrogen and methane levels was observed for samples collected at separate times. These findings confirmed the usefulness of our approach for testing breath concentrations of hydrogen and methane in horses.-KEY WORDS: equine , hydrogen, methane.

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“…In such an approach, injury incurred during the ischemic phase is mild, compared with the reperfusion injury that follows . The clinical equivalent to the low-flow model could be small intestine subjected to distention and decompression (Dabareiner et al 2001, Faleiros et al 2008 or to endotoxin-induced hypoperfusion (King and Gerring et al 1991). Because these segments are left in situ after removal of the strangulated tissue, progressive damage to them could delay return of gastrointestinal function and barrier integrity.…”

Section: Methods For Inducing Ischemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemia in equine intestine – mechanisms of injury and methods of treatment

Freeman¹,

Grosche²

2012

PHK

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SummaryThe importance of reperfusion injury in equine intestine is controversial and unclear. Large colon volvulus and small intestinal strangulation are the most devastating causes of intestinal ischemia in horses and result in severe mucosal damage, barrier dysfunction, endotoxic shock and death. Although essential for tissue recovery, reperfusion after these types of ischemia could exacerbate intestinal injury. Responses to ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) involve a series of synchronized biochemical, cellular and structural changes characterized by generation of reactive oxygen metabolites, activation of immune cells, and epithelial cell degeneration and death. The intensity of neutrophil activation and influx is central to the process of reperfusion injury and the associated inflammatory events. The classic paradigm of reperfusion injury is best displayed after the segmental hypoperfusion or low-flow ischemia model, in which arterial inflow is adjusted to 20% of normal baseline flow, and then allowed to return to normal or greater values during reperfusion. In such cases, injury during the ischemic phase is mild, compared with the reperfusion injury that follows. Although there is some evidence of reperfusion injury in equine colon and jejunum after low-flow ischemia, attempts to ameliorate this by pharmacologic means have met with only moderate success. A multimodal approach, using solutions designed to improve survival in transplanted organs, seems to hold the greatest promise, although these have not been embraced in the clinical setting. Expense and difficulties in delivery are the two most serious limitations. Recent studies to assess the effect of colonic I/R on equine pelvic flexure involved a complete ischemia model that was similar to the clinical lesion, and for periods of 1 to 2 hours of ischemia followed by 30 minutes, 4 hours, or 18 hours of reperfusion. Ischemia caused degeneration and detachment of epithelial cells, early apoptosis, and opening of tight junctions (TJs), all of which decreased transepithelial resistance (TER) and increased mannitol flux when the tissues were studied in vitro. Autophagy was a prominent feature in epithelial cells after 1 hour of ischemia. Reperfusion was characterized by apoptosis, epithelial regeneration, and closure of TJs with improved TER and reduced mannitol leakage. Neutrophils infiltrated colonic mucosa during reperfusion, and macrophages, mast cells and eosinophils were activated during I/R. Equine colonic mucosa subjected to ischemia can repair rapidly and regain barrier integrity during reperfusion, despite intense mucosal inflammation. Recently, attention has focused on inflammation induced by intestinal handling and on remote organ responses to intestinal injury, both of which could be highly relevent to postoperative management of horses that undergo colic surgery. The use of lidocaine in a continuous rate infusion is a popular approach to ameliorate the intestinal inflammatory response after colic surgery, although there is no evidence that it has a...

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The action of low dose endotoxin on equine bowel motility

Cited by 76 publications

References 19 publications

Intravenous Lidocaine and Small‐Intestinal Size, Abdominal Fluid, and Outcome after Colic Surgery in Horses

Intravenous Lidocaine and Small‐Intestinal Size, Abdominal Fluid, and Outcome after Colic Surgery in Horses

Measurement for Breath Concentration of Hydrogen and Methane in Horses

Ischemia in equine intestine – mechanisms of injury and methods of treatment

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