The Acid Output of the Kidney and the So-Called Alkaline Tide

Brunton, Charles E.

doi:10.1152/physrev.1933.13.3.372

Cited by 17 publications

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“…In this respect, they are similar to many higher vertebrates, where a systemic metabolic alkalosis is commonly seen following a meal (reviewed by Brunton, 1933;Wang et al, 2001;Niv and Fraser, 2002). The cause of the alkalosis in higher vertebrates is activation of metabolic acid secretion (as HCl) by the cells of the stomach: equimolar transport of HCO 3 -ions (metabolic base) into the extracellular fluid results in alkalinization of the blood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…compensatory respiratory acidosis), and in the longer term by secreting HCO 3 -from pancreatic, biliary and duodenal glands into the small intestine, thereby neutralizing the chyme in preparation for its enzymatic digestion (Wang et al, 2001). A small component might also be excreted in the urine (BenceJones, 1845;Roberts, 1859;Brunton, 1933;Rune, 1966;Vaziri et al, 1980). However, in water-breathers, the gills are hyperventilated with respect to CO 2 excretion, and therefore fish do not have the luxury of reducing ventilation because O 2 uptake would be compromised (reviewed by Gilmour, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acid–base responses to feeding and intestinal Cl– uptake in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus, an agastric euryhaline teleost

Wood

Bucking

Grosell

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYMarine teleosts generally secrete basic equivalents (HCO 3 -) and take up Na + and Cl -in the intestine so as to promote absorption of H 2 O. However, neither the integration of these functions with feeding nor the potential role of the gut in ionoregulation and acid-base balance in freshwater have been well studied. The euryhaline killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) is unusual in lacking both an acid-secreting stomach and a mechanism for Cl -uptake at the gills in freshwater. Responses to a satiation meal were evaluated in both freshwater-and seawater-acclimated killifish. In intact animals, there was no change in acid or base flux to the external water after the meal, in accord with the absence of any post-prandial alkaline tide in the blood. Indeed, freshwater animals exhibited a post-prandial metabolic acidosis ('acidic tide'), whereas seawater animals showed no change in blood acid-base status. In vitro gut sac experiments revealed a substantially higher rate of Cl -absorption by the intestine in freshwater killifish, which was greatest at 1-3h after feeding. The Cl -concentration of the absorbate was higher in preparations from freshwater animals than from seawater killifish and increased with fasting. Surprisingly, net basic equivalent secretion rates were also much higher in preparations from freshwater animals, in accord with the 'acidic tide'; in seawater preparations, they were lowest after feeding and increased with fasting. Bafilomycin (1moll -1 ) promoted an 80% increase in net base secretion rates, as well as in Cl -and fluid absorption, at 1-3h post-feeding in seawater preparations only, explaining the difference between freshwater and seawater fish. Preparations from seawater animals at 1-3h post-feeding also acidified the mucosal saline, and this effect was associated with a marked rise in P CO 2, which was attenuated by bafilomycin. Measurements of chyme pH from intact animals confirmed that intestinal fluid (chyme) pH and basic equivalent concentration were lowest after feeding in seawater killifish, whereas P CO 2 was greatly elevated (80-95 Torr) in chyme from both seawater and freshwater animals but declined to lower levels (13 Torr) after 1-2 weeks fasting. There were no differences in pH, P CO 2 or the concentrations of basic equivalents in intestinal fluid from seawater versus freshwater animals at 12-24h or 1-2 weeks post-feeding. The results are interpreted in terms of the absence of gastric HCl secretion, the limitations of the gills for acid-base balance and Cl -transport, and therefore the need for intestinal Cl -uptake in freshwater killifish, and the potential for O 2 release from the mucosal blood flow by the high P CO 2 in the intestinal fluids. At least in seawater killifish, H + -ATPase running in parallel to HCO 3 -:Cl -exchange in the apical membranes of teleost enterocytes might reduce net base secretion and explain the high P CO 2 in the chyme after feeding.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid–base responses to feeding and intestinal Cl– uptake in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus, an agastric euryhaline teleost

Wood

Bucking

Grosell

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Although originally referring to a surge of pH in human urine after a meal (Bence-Jones, 1845;Roberts, 1859), the term 'alkaline tide' later evolved to represent the general phenomenon of post-prandial metabolic alkalosis occurring in the bloodstream of most vertebrates (Brunton, 1933). It is now well accepted, at least in mammals, that the alkalosis is caused by activation of the gastric parietal cells to secrete H + ions into the lumen of the stomach in order to facilitate digestion, thereby adding an equivalent amount of HCO 3 -ions to the extracellular fluid (Niv and Fraser, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using omeprazole to link the components of the post-prandial alkaline tide in the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias

Wood

Schultz

Munger

et al. 2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The process of urinary acidifi cation is also known to display cyclic changes. The urinary pH is highest while ammonia and titratable acidity excretion are lowest around midday; this pattern is reversed during the night (4,5,13,32,35). Plasma electrolytes and creatinine levels do not show diurnal variations (35,38) while a respiratory acidosis is known to occur at night (12).…”

Section: Variation Nyctémcral De La Composition Du Sang Et De L'urinementioning

confidence: 97%

Diurnal Variations in the Composition of Blood and Urine of Man Living in Hot Climate

Toor¹,

Massry²,

Katz³

et al. 1965

Nephron

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The diurnal variations in the composition of blood and urine during 24 h recumbency and the influence of 8 h of heavy physical work on the urinary excretory patterns were examined in nine young healthy subjects, permanent inhabitants of the hot region of Eilat near the Red Sea. The effects of change in posture, heat stress, light activity, aldosterone and dehydration on the midday sodium and water excretory patterns were studied on the same subjects. The diurnal rhythms exhibited during complete rest were similar to those described in temperate climate, except for an earlier excretory peak of potassium. Heavy physical work brought about the displacement of the midday peak water and sodium excretion to the evening and changed the hydrogen ion and phosphate excretory patterns. Potassium excretion was high during the working hours and decreased gradually thereafter to a minimum during the night. It was also found that in hot climate the peak midday natriuresis and the accompanying trough in hydrogen ion excretion, considered to be a constant feature of the diurnal urinary excretory patterns, are liable to changes even under the short-term influence of factors affecting sodium homeostasis. The possible role of body sodium homeostasis as a mechanism underlying the diurnal urinary excretory patterns is suggested.

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The Acid Output of the Kidney and the So-Called Alkaline Tide

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Acid–base responses to feeding and intestinal Cl– uptake in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus, an agastric euryhaline teleost

Acid–base responses to feeding and intestinal Cl– uptake in freshwater- and seawater-acclimated killifish,Fundulus heteroclitus, an agastric euryhaline teleost

Using omeprazole to link the components of the post-prandial alkaline tide in the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias

Diurnal Variations in the Composition of Blood and Urine of Man Living in Hot Climate

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