The accuracy of matching three-dimensional photographs with skin surfaces derived from cone-beam computed tomography

The virtual human face: Superimposing the simultaneously captured 3D photorealistic skin surface of the face on the untextured skin image of the CBCT scan

“…It is a simple, fast and accurate method which captures the face shape and texture in 3D 1,[14][15][16][17] . Recently, several studies have adopted similar approaches in building their 3D facial models as they implemented stereophotogrammetry and computed tomography concepts 8 . Different stereophotogrammetry based imaging systems have been used, including the C3D system, the Di3D system, and the 3dMD system.…”

“…Previous studies have been limited to the analysis of the accuracy of superimposition of the whole face 2,8,20 , which is misleading since some regions of the face are associated with higher errors in superimposition than others. That is why in this study specific regions (patches) in each model were also examined individually.…”

The Validity of 3dMD Vultus in Predicting Soft Tissue Morphology Following Orthognathic Surgery

“…surface data obtained from Cone Beam CT scans. This has many advantages over conventional 2D imaging including the production of highly realistic facial and skeletal images, improved diagnostic value, improved pre-operative planning and improved post-operative evaluation (Maal et al, 2008). …”

“…Stereophotogrammetric images and CBCT images obtained independently one after the other, show registration errors which are reasonably large in the regions lateral to the neck, mouth and around the eyes, with approximately 90% of the total registration error located in these anatomical areas (Maal et al, 2008). A way of overcoming these problems is to have the simultaneous acquisition of CBCT and 3D photographs, which has been experimentally shown to reduce the registration error but unfortunately not eliminate it entirely (Naudi et al, 2013).…”

Intra- and inter-examiner reliability of direct facial soft tissue measurements using digital calipers

“…Latest techniques such as image fusion allow us to superimpose a 3D photograph on a CBCT image. 15 While there are some errors with these methods, it is a promising development of anthropometric measurements in the digital world adding more accuracy to the facial soft tissue measurements.…”