The accumulating effects of shared expectations

Willard, Jennifer; Madon, Stephanie; Guyll, Max; Scherr, Kyle C.; Buller, Ashley A.

doi:10.1002/ejsp.874

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Certain features reliably predict first impression quality (e.g., physical appearance [40] including clothing [41], shoes [42], and grooming habits [41]), but others are more subjective and vary according to demographic characteristics such as biological sex or race [43]. For example, previous research has shown that appearing extroverted and open to new experiences is positively related to dating success for male users of an online dating site, but not for female users [44].…”

Section: First Impressionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism

et al. 2020

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Background: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by social communication challenges and repetitive behaviors that may be quickly detected by experts (Autism Res 10:653-62, 2017; American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2013). Recent research suggests that even naïve non-experts judge a variety of human dimensions using narrow windows of experience called "first impressions." Growing recognition of sex differences in a variety of observable behaviors in ASD, combined with research showing that some autistic girls and women may "camouflage" outward symptoms, suggests it may be more difficult for naïve conversation partners to detect ASD symptoms in girls. Here, we explore the first impressions made by boys and girls with ASD and typically developing (TD) peers. Methods: Ninety-three school-aged children with ASD or TD were matched on IQ; autistic girls and boys were additionally matched on autism symptom severity using the ADOS-2. Participants completed a 5-minute "get-toknow-you" conversation with a new young adult acquaintance. Immediately after the conversation, confederates rated participants on a variety of dimensions. Our primary analysis compared conversation ratings between groups (ASD boys, ASD girls, TD boys, TD girls). Results: Autistic girls were rated more positively than autistic boys by novel conversation partners (better perceived social communication ability), despite comparable autism symptom severity as rated by expert clinicians (equivalent true social communication ability). Boys with ASD were rated more negatively than typical boys and typical girls by novel conversation partners as well as expert clinicians. There was no significant difference in the first impressions made by autistic girls compared to typical girls during conversations with a novel conversation partner, but autistic girls were rated lower than typical girls by expert clinicians. Limitations: This study cannot speak to the ways in which first impressions may differ for younger children, adults, or individuals who are not verbally fluent; in addition, there were more autistic boys than girls in our sample, making it difficult to detect small effects. Conclusions: First impressions made during naturalistic conversations with non-expert conversation partners could-in combination with clinical ratings and parent report-shed light on the nature and effects of behavioral differences between girls and boys on the autism spectrum.

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Section: First Impressionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism

et al. 2020

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“…However, when perceivers do interact, their expectations may become amplified. For example, Willard, Madon, Guyll, Scherr, and Buller (2012) showed that perceivers’ false expectations about a target’s hostility became more extreme when perceivers interacted with another perceiver who also believed the target had a hostile personality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, when perceivers do interact, their expectations may become amplified. For example, Willard, Madon, Guyll, Scherr, and Buller (2012) showed that perceivers' false expectations about a target's hostility This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers.…”

Section: Other Potential Mechanisms Of Accumulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The accumulation of stereotype-based self-fulfilling prophecies.

Madon¹,

Jussim²,

Guyll³

et al. 2018

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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A recurring theme in the psychological literature is that the self-fulfilling effect of stereotypes can accumulate across perceivers. This article provides the first empirical support for this long-standing hypothesis. In three experiments (Ns = 123–241), targets more strongly confirmed a stereotype as the number of perceivers who held stereotypic expectations about them increased. A fourth experiment (N = 121) showed that new perceivers judged targets according to the stereotypic behaviors they had previously been channeled to adopt, an effect that even occurred among perceivers who were privy to the fact that targets’ behavior had been shaped by the actions of others. The authors discuss ways in which these effects may contribute to group inequalities.

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“…Where methods do involve dynamic human-human interaction, potential confounds are often reduced by physically distancing participants from human stimuli (e.g., via computer-mediation) or by restricting dialogue within strict parameters by-way-of roleplaying and/or scripting. As social psychological methodologists point out, the de-socializing of experimental stimuli has arisen largely due to the need to control confounds and preserve independence among observations of dependent variables -prerequisites for standard analytical techniques such as ANOVA (see Kashy & Kenny, 2000;Willard, Madon, Guyll, Scherr, & Buller, 2012).…”

Section: Methodological and Theoretical Implications Of The Cyranoidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Milgram’s Cyranoid Method: Experimenting With Hybrid Human Agents

Corti¹,

Gillespie²

2014

The Journal of Social Psychology

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In two studies based on Stanley Milgram's original pilots, we present the first systematic examination of cyranoids as social psychological research tools. A cyranoid is created by cooperatively joining in real-time the body of one person with speech generated by another via covert speech shadowing. The resulting hybrid persona can subsequently interact with third parties face-to-face. We show that naïve interlocutors perceive a cyranoid to be a unified, autonomously communicating person, evidence for a phenomenon Milgram termed the "cyranic illusion." We also show that creating cyranoids composed of contrasting identities (a child speaking adult-generated words and vice versa) can be used to study how stereotyping and person perception are mediated by inner (dispositional) vs. outer (physical) identity. Our results establish the cyranoid method as a unique means of obtaining experimental control over inner and outer identities within social interactions rich in mundane realism. to suit their social goals. Fiction though they may be, these stories illuminate the power façade has over how we are perceived by ourselves and by others, and how we and others in turn behave in accordance with these perceptions. Stanley Milgram, perhaps best known for his obedience to authority experiments (Milgram, 1974), operationalized the Cyrano de Bergerac paradigm in a series of pilot studies conducted shortly before his death. In these pilots, he explored constructing hybrid social agents, whom he called "cyranoids" (in reference to Cyrano), via a vocal technique known as "speech shadowing," a procedure in which a person immediately repeats auditory stimuli originating elsewhere. Milgram's idea was to have one person (the "shadower") replicate the spontaneous speech of another (the "source") via a covert audio-relay apparatus while socially engaging with research subjects (the "ineractants") naïve to the subterfuge, and CYRANOIDS 3 his findings suggest that interactants will fail to detect that their interlocutor is a cyranoid.This "cyranic illusion" persisted in cases of extreme identity incongruity between source and shadower, such as when he sourced for child shadowers being interviewed by groups of teachers, none of whom believed following these interactions that they had been talking to anything other than an autonomous (albeit unusually bright) child. Milgram never formally reported the results of these studies, though descriptions of them can be found in a speech he prepared for an APA convention in 1984(Milgram, 1992 as well as in a biography authored by Blass (2004). In his APA speech, he expressed optimism that the cyranoid method could evolve into a powerful means of researching the social self and person perception. Despite this enthusiasm, no experimental validation of the method has to-date been reported, rendering cyranoids a largely dormant part of Milgram's legacy.Our goal in the present work is to resurrect the cyranoid method by exhibiting its utility as a social psychological research tool. In two stu...

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The accumulating effects of shared expectations

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism

Sex differences in the first impressions made by girls and boys with autism

The accumulation of stereotype-based self-fulfilling prophecies.

Revisiting Milgram’s Cyranoid Method: Experimenting With Hybrid Human Agents

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