The accelerating effects of the microorganisms on biodeterioration of stone monuments under air pollution and continental-cold climatic conditions in Erzurum, Turkey

Abstract

The aim of this research was to determine the accelerating effects of microorganisms on the biodeterioration of stone under air pollution and continental-cold climatic region in Erzurum, Turkey.Studies have been carried out on specimens of the Rustempasa Bazaar, the Lalapasa Mosque, the Erzurum Castle Mosque, the Double Minarets-Madrasah, the Great Mosque and the Haji Mehmet Fountain aged from 441 to 823 years old. The results showed that vegetative and reproductive (generative) forms of the microorganisms could develop during the winter months when the night time average temperature was even À25 8C. Also the reproductive forms had developed and the whole stone surface was covered with a biofilm caused by the microorganisms. Silicon, aluminum, calcium, potassium, titanium, magnesium, zinc, sulfur, iron, sodium, and niobium were found in the stones of the historical buildings with varying amounts through the SEM-EDS analysis. Some of these elements could be used as an energy resource for the microorganisms together with the air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particles on the stone surfaces. Of 21 isolates, 15 species from 6 bacterium genera and 5 species from 5 fungi genera plus 1 fungi genera were identified on the deteriorated stone surfaces even during the coldest months by microbial identification system (MIS) and these findings were tested by SEM investigations. D

Comportamiento de tejas de diferente color (rojo y paja) frente al biodeterioro

“…Si se asume un efecto similar en la zona de contacto entre la cianobacteria y las tejas, la posible existencia de una mayor disponibilidad de sales e iones (por ejemplo, calcio y sulfato) cianobacterias [20]. Además, se ha citado que aportes de azufre (generalmente como compuestos contaminantes derivados del azufre) sobre tejas favorece el biodeterioro como consecuencia de una mayor colonización [21] y un elevado aporte de sulfatos favorece el biodeterioro de monumentos [19].…”

In Situ Investigation of the Biodeteriorative Microorganisms Lived on Stone Surfaces of the Sumela Monastery (Trabzon, Turkey)

“…Physical, chemical and biological agents act together, ranging from synergistic to antagonistic, in the deterioration of stone. A considerable number of investigations have begun to examine the essential role of biological agents play in the deterioration of stone [1,[3][4][5]. The stone is susceptible to colonization by several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria and more complex organisms such as lichens and mosses responsible for a series of mechanical and chemical processes that cause the biodeterioration of the stone.…”

“…On the other hand, pore size, distribution and specific surface area together with the capillarity of a stone control the mechanical degradation caused by water, salts, and bacteria. Understanding the complex interactions between these microorganisms and their mineral substrate is a topic of current interest, since it may shed light on the bio-weathering of stone monuments [4,5].…”

Protection of historic buildings against environmental pollution of vibrations

“…Environmental influences are often mistakenly identified only with air or/and water pollution. Meanwhile, air pollution [1,2] and water [3], although it may have a significant impact on historical buildings, is not the only environmental pollution, which should be taken into account in the context of protection of historical monuments. According to art.…”