The academic department.

Abstract

Up to the second half of the 19th century, the American higher education establishment was largely nonexistent. Available institutions were limited to church-related colleges and universities that emphasized a liberal arts education. Professional education and scientific research were not stressed. As the century progressed, an emerging concern for academic freedom resulted in the creation of a number of secular colleges, and the growing importance of science encouraged an emphasis on scientific research. In 1861, Yale University awarded the first PhD in the United States to three students, and in 1872, Harvard University followed. The Johns Hopkins University was established as a graduate school in 1876. Within a few years, scientific and professional education becamc widely available in the United States.American graduate education in psychology has been especially influenced by European graduate education in general and German graduate education in particular. American leaders in academia in the last half of I am indebted to Dr. John Reisman's (1976) volume, A History of Clinical Psychology. for its scholarship, detailed annotation, and appreciation of the extensive history of clinical psychology, which made it possible for me to report various events in a much rounder style than would have been possible otherwise.

Using Wikipedia To Develop Students’ Critical Analysis Skills in the Undergraduate Chemistry Curriculum

“…Although this Web site represents a revolution on the Internet, it began to raise concerns for professors and teachers. For many students, the openly editable content of Wikipedia became a primary source of information for assignments and research . Often without further verification, articles on Wikipedia were cited and cases of plagiarism were reported.…”

Psychology as a Profession

“…Following the conference in Boulder, several other conferences were held to establish training guidelines for a clinical and other professional subspecialties (see Cohen, 1992), but the 1973 Vail Conference affirmed the growing number of doctor of psychology (PsyD) programs in universities and in freestanding professional schools (Korman, 1974). The history of the establishment of professional schools and the PsyD degree has been well documented by Peterson (1992) and Stricker and Cummings (1992).…”

PhD programs.

“…Training was tasked with determining these institutions. Universities were required to complete a questionnaire that described the clinical and nonclinical faculty, the curriculum specific to clinical psychology, and the nature of the practicum experiences (Cohen, 1992). By 1946, 22 universities had been so identified.…”

“…Note. Information taken fromCohen (1992),Altmaier (2003), Commission for the Recognition of Specialties and Proficiencies in Professional Psychology (n.d.), and Catherine Grus(personal communication, February 11, 2009).…”