The Abundance and Distribution of Hatchery and Naturally Produced Chinook Salmon in Columbia River Estuary Nearshore Habitat

Bottom, Daniel L.; Hinton, Susan A.; Teel, David J.; Roegner, G. Curtis; Johnson, Lyndal L.; Sandford, Benjamin P.

doi:10.1002/nafm.10671

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…Previous studies have warned of potential competition between larger and numerically dominant hatchery salmon and smaller wild salmon in the CRE based on high temporal and spatial overlap in shallow and main-stem habitats (Bottom et al 2011(Bottom et al , 2021Teel et al 2014;Weitkamp et al 2015). Here, we observed high physical and temporal overlap over nearly 200 km of the CRE, as hatchery and wild individuals were typically caught together, including fish originating from different parts of the Columbia River basin.…”

Section: Differences Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…2015; Bottom et al. 2021). Diets of hatchery and wild steelhead were not statistically distinguishable, whereas yearling Chinook Salmon showed subtle differences in the amounts (but not types) of prey consumed by wild and hatchery fish.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth emphasizing this finding; the vast majority of yearling salmon smolts found in the largest river on the west coast of North America were produced in hatcheries. Presumed wild individuals were smaller than their hatchery counterparts, a well-documented difference (Quinn 2005;Weitkamp et al 2015;Bottom et al 2021). Diets of hatchery and wild steelhead were not statistically distinguishable, whereas yearling Chinook Salmon showed subtle differences in the amounts (but not types) of prey consumed by wild and hatchery fish.…”

Section: Differences Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the Columbia River basin, yearling smolts from interior stocks of steelhead and Chinook Salmon (those originating above Bonneville Dam, located at river kilometer [rkm] 234; rkm 0 = Columbia River mouth) rapidly move through the Columbia River estuary (CRE; defined as tidal waters below Bonneville Dam) in deep waters of the main channel and are rarely encountered close to shore (Teel et al 2014;Roegner et al 2016;Bottom et al 2021). Natural-origin fish from these stocks are of particular management concern, as they are listed under the U.S.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2016; Bottom et al. 2021). Natural‐origin fish from these stocks are of particular management concern, as they are listed under the U.S.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in Main‐Stem Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary

et al. 2022

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Very little is known about the ecology of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. that rapidly traverse estuaries. For these species and life history types, main‐stem habitats are thought to largely function as migratory corridors rather than as productive habitats that support feeding or growth, although little research has focused on this issue. This is especially true in the highly modified Columbia River estuary, where it is unclear whether fast‐migrating salmon benefit from extensive tidal marsh restoration. To address this deficit, we sampled migratory juvenile steelhead O. mykiss and Chinook Salmon O. tshawytscha at locations spread across nearly 200 km of the Columbia River estuary. Our results demonstrated that these juvenile salmon were actively feeding and growing as they moved downstream; dominant prey included chironomids, other insects, and corophiid and gammarid amphipods. We also observed variation in diet composition and quantity between years, which was likely associated with the highly contrasting river conditions. Insulin‐like growth factor 1 hormone levels and the size of juvenile salmon increased as the fish moved downstream, suggesting that prey quality and quantity were sufficient to fuel rapid growth, which may increase survival in marine waters. Our results have direct management implications for habitat restoration and suggest the potential for competition between hatchery and wild salmon. Overall, our results support a fundamental shift in the view of main‐channel estuarine habitats from serving primarily as a migration corridor to serving as productive habitat where rapidly moving salmon actively feed and grow.

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Section: Differences Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Differences Between Hatchery and Wild Salmonmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2016; Bottom et al. 2021). Natural‐origin fish from these stocks are of particular management concern, as they are listed under the U.S.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in Main‐Stem Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary

et al. 2022

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Trends in Chinook salmon spawner abundance and total run size highlight linkages between life history, geography and decline

et al. 2023

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Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, Salmonidae) are foundational to socialecological systems of the Northeast Pacific Rim and exhibit a rich diversity of life histories including in their adult migration timing, age at critical life-history transitions and marine feeding distributions. In recent decades Chinook have experienced declines across much of their native range; however, changes in productivity and abundance have rarely been evaluated in relation to life-history variation. To understand trends in Chinook salmon production, and how they are related to life history, we compiled time series data from the Fraser River to the Sacramento River on total run size (pre-fishery abundance) and escapement (post-fishery spawner abundance) and fit time series models to estimate trends across this bioregion. Our analysis revealed that most Chinook populations are declining, with negative trends in escapement (57 of 79) and total run (16 of 23) size. Trends were most acutely negative for interior spring Chinook in the Fraser, Columbia and Snake Rivers and most populations in California. Summer and fall Chinook had mixed trends, with several summer and fall upriver bright populations in the interior Columbia and Fraser exhibiting increases in abundance from the 1990s to 2019. Our research reveals widespread declines of this important species, but local complexity in trends that are mediated by population-level life history, migratory behaviours and watershed-scale restoration actions. Understanding linkages between life histories and resilience should inform rebuilding efforts for Chinook salmon and highlight the need to conserve intraspecific biodiversity.

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A commentary on the role of hatcheries and stocking programs in salmon conservation and adapting ourselves to less‐than‐wild futures

Harrison,

Berseth

2024

Fish and Fisheries

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Hatcheries and stocking programs serve a variety of objectives, including the conservation of salmon populations. Much attention has been given to the importance of genetic integrity and adaptive capacity of salmon stocks, particularly as they interact with hatchery‐origin fish. Literature on hatchery and stocking programs has increasingly focused on genetic indicators of quality and success, with genetically ‘wild’ salmon valued over hatchery‐influenced salmon. However, conservation in the Anthropocene is challenging paradigms of wildness and definitions of conservation success. For salmon populations that exist on the ragged edge of climate change where threats are unlikely to be remediated to the status of ecologies past, definitions of ‘wild’ and the role of conservation hatcheries and stocking becomes convoluted. If definitions of ‘wild’ or ‘natural’ salmon depend on salmon archetypes situated in historic ecologies, then what do salmon futures look like? In that context, we argue to expand from primarily genetic criteria for conservation stocking to additional criteria cognizant of hybrid ecosystems and future human‐salmon relationships. We draw on the concept of adaptive epistemologies within the context of conservation‐oriented hatchery and stocking programs to critically reflect on knowledge paradigms and values that underlie salmon conservation stocking efforts and the changing ecosystems in which they are situated. We critique ‘wild’ discourses rooted in western thought and make suggestions toward a reimagining of salmon conservation‐via‐hatchery in the Anthropocene that allows for expansive human‐salmon futures. Critically, we conclude with warnings against using the arguments in this paper as social permission to use hatcheries as a conservation panacea.

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The Abundance and Distribution of Hatchery and Naturally Produced Chinook Salmon in Columbia River Estuary Nearshore Habitat

Cited by 4 publications

References 75 publications

Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in Main‐Stem Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary

Life in the Fast Lane: Feeding and Growth of Juvenile Steelhead and Chinook Salmon in Main‐Stem Habitats of the Columbia River Estuary

Trends in Chinook salmon spawner abundance and total run size highlight linkages between life history, geography and decline

A commentary on the role of hatcheries and stocking programs in salmon conservation and adapting ourselves to less‐than‐wild futures

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