The Absorption of Staphylococcus Bacteriophages by Enterococci

Rakieten, Morris L.; Tiffany, Elberton J.

doi:10.1128/jb.36.2.155-173.1938

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…by lysis or phage reproduction has also been observed. Rakieten & Rakieten (1937) and Rakieten & Tiffany (1938) observed that staphylococcus phages were absorbed on strains of Bacillus subtilis and of enterococci without apparent effect on the growth of these organisms. Andrewes & Elford (1932) and Adams (1949) reported observations on 'citrate sensitive' coli phages which, in the absence of calcium, attached themselves to bacteria, prevented bacterial multiplication, but did not cause lysis.…”

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Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Bacteriophage as distinct from Lytic Action

Whitehead¹,

Hunter²,

Cox³

1952

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY:Certain races of streptococcal phage with a normal lytic action on some strains of streptococci were found to be adsorbed on, and to inhibit the growth of, other strains, without the occurrence of lysis or multiplication of the phage. One race of phage inhibited the growth of several streptococcal strains which had hitherto been considered unrelated to one another on the basis of their reactions to lytic phages. Cultures which recovered from temporary inhibition by phage contained variants which were resistant both to inhibition and to lysis by phages which attacked the original strain. This resistance is, however, short-lived as compared with the resistance of variants obtained through the action of a lytic phage.The typical interaction between bacteriophage and bacterium is that in which adsorption of phage is followed after an interval by lysis of the bacterium and a many-fold increase in number of phage particles. The, majority of workers now visualize phage as a bacterial parasite which grows in or on the bacterial cell, ultimately causing lysis with liberation of phage particles. There are, however, other types of association between phage and! bacterium to which this picture does not apply. For instance there are the cases where bacteria are lysogenic, or where resistant organisms support the growth of an associated phage. Another association which is not followed! by lysis or phage reproduction has also been observed. Rakieten & Rakieten (1937) and Rakieten & Tiffany (1938) observed that staphylococcus phages were absorbed on strains of Bacillus subtilis and of enterococci without apparent effect on the growth of these organisms. Andrewes & Elford (1932) and Adams (1949) reported observations on 'citrate sensitive' coli phages which, in the absence of calcium, attached themselves to bacteria, prevented bacterial multiplication, but did not cause lysis. Felix (1949) reported that with certain salmonella adsorption of phage was not always followed by lysis.We have encountered in the group of lactic streptococci some instances of phage adsorption without subsequent lysis. Certain phage races which exert a lytic effect on some strains of streptococci are adsorbed by other strains without any lytic effect and when present in relatively high concentration the adsorbed phage inhibits the growth of the adsorbing organisms. It appears that adsorption takes place as usual but that subsequent growth of the phage, normally leading to lysis, is blocked. This blockage also results. apparently in interference with the metabolism of the bacterium. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cultures.The eight bacterial cultures used were strains of Streptococcw cremoris as used in commercial cheese manufacture. They had been isolated in this Institute over about 17 years, and were selected on the bases of acid-

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Inhibition of Bacterial Growth by Bacteriophage as distinct from Lytic Action

Whitehead¹,

Hunter²,

Cox³

1952

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Absorption tests were carried out, both with heat-killed cultures and their water extracts, using the methods of Rakieten et al (1936), Rakieten and Tiffany (1938) and Levine and Frisch (1933). The results in general confirmed the established view that absorption preliminary to lysis is a function of the heatstable surface antigen.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Staphylococcus Phages Isolatedmentioning

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Isolation and Characteristics of Bacteriophages for Staphylococci of Bovine Mastitis

Slanetz

Jawetz

1941

J Bacteriol

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Although numerous reports on bacteriophages for staphylococci of human origin have appeared, none could be found regarding phages active against staphylococci from bovine sources. This laboratory has been concerned with various phases of bovine mastitis, hence it was of interest to investigate the occurrence and role of bacteriophage in staphylococcal mastitis. While this type of mastitis is probably not as prevalent as streptococcal mastitis, staphylococci do produce both acute and chronic forms of the disease. This paper reports the results of experiments regarding the isolation of staphylococcus bacteriophages from milk and the morphology, specificity and potency thereof as compared to phages from human sources. Consideration is also given to the use of phage for the classification of staphylococci and for the treatment of mastitis. ISOLATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGES FROM MILKThe following procedures were most satisfactory for the isolation of staphylococcus phages from the milk of cows shedding staphylococci. After discarding three streams of fore-milk, the udders and teats were washed with mercuric chloride solution (1:1000) and 25 ml. portions were taken aseptically from each quarter. About 20 ml. of this pooled sample were incubated at 370C. for 18 hours, sufficient rennet extract added to curdle the milk and the sample kept at room temperature for 4 days. Then the whey was separated from the curd and filtered through Seitz 447 on July 31, 2020 by guest

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“…Strain E-16 was isolated from a case of ulcerative colitis, and was typical of Streptococcus fecalis. These organisms, together with other members of the group have been used in a previous investigation and are described more completely in a communication recently published (Rakieten and Tiffany, 1938).…”

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