The absorption and reradiation of radio waves by oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere

Straiton, A. W.

doi:10.1109/tap.1975.1141104

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…An alternative solution consists in remotely or invasively measuring the near-surface thermal dynamics of the sample under test (2). This is the most efficient way to experimentally determine the SAR and T distributions.…”

Section: ) Experimental Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, shifting the frequency from 70/80 to 60 GHz decreases the operating range from 3 km to 400 m [1]. This decrease is related to the 16 dB/km peak of oxygen-induced absorption around 60 GHz [2, 3] that makes this frequency range extremely attractive for secured local communications, particularly in indoor environments, guaranteeing low interference with other wireless services and devices, as well as with adjacent network cells. At the same time, because of this resonance absorption, human body has never been exposed to 57–64 GHz radiations in the natural environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Zhadobov

Chahat

Sauleau

et al. 2011

Int. j. microw. wirel. technol.

217

158

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The biocompatibility of millimeter-wave devices and systems is an important issue due to the wide number of emerging body-centric wireless applications at millimeter waves. This review article provides the state of knowledge in this field and mainly focuses on recent results and advances related to the different aspects of millimeter-wave interactions with the human body. Electromagnetic, thermal, and biological aspects are considered and analyzed for exposures in the 30-100 GHz range with a particular emphasis on the 60-GHz band. Recently introduced dosimetric techniques and specific instrumentation for bioelectromagnetic laboratory studies are also presented. Finally, future trends are discussed.

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Section: ) Experimental Dosimetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Zhadobov

Chahat

Sauleau

et al. 2011

Int. j. microw. wirel. technol.

217

158

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…At millimeter wave frequencies for elevation angles above about 15 ø , mainly two mechanisms exist that introduce limitations: (a) the absorption and reradiation of radio waves by oxygen and water vapor and (b) the absorption and scattering of radio waves by precipitation. While the first can be essentially determined [Straiton, 1975], the second one requires that propagation measurements be made. The two ground stations had different antenna systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attenuation diversity measurements at 20 and 30 GHz

Vogel¹,

Straiton²,

Fannin³

et al. 1976

Radio Science

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The results of data obtained at The University of Texas at Austin in conjunction with the ATS‐6 millimeter wave experiment are presented. Attenuation measurements at 30 GHz and sky noise data at 20 GHz were obtained for 93 days simultaneously at each of two sites separated by 11 km and for 314 days at one site. The ratio of the loss at 30 GHz to that at 20 GHz due to rain varied from about 2 to about 4 with a median value of 2.65. This value was used to estimate 30 GHz losses for the 38.6% of time during attenuation events for which the satellite link was not available. Space diversity reduced outage time for a system in Austin, Texas, with a 10 db fade margin at 30 GHz from 3.8 hours to 4.1 minutes for the 93 days. Extrapolated to a yearly base this corresponds to 15 hours and to 16 minutes, respectively. A plot of maximum observed cloud height against maximum hourly attenuation indicates that for a given attenuation level a lower limit is set for the maximum cloud height.

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“…It is caused by the temperature of the absorbing atmosphere and can be termed as an effective blackbody radiator or grey body radiator for a non-homogeneous atmosphere medium. Several papers have described the Sky-noise, like [190], [192], [195], [198], [199]. It is identified in satellite communication and is mostly affected by the antenna temperature which is an additional temperature that accounts for the radiation from the absorbing temperature.…”

Section: A Feature Of Terahertz Band Communication Related To Terahertz Mac Protocol Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

MAC Protocols for Terahertz Communication: A Comprehensive Survey

Ghafoor

Boujnah

Rehmani

et al. 2020

IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials

107

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Terahertz communication is emerging as a future technology to support Terabits per second link with highlighting features as high throughput and negligible latency. However, the unique features of the Terahertz band such as high path loss, scattering, and reflection pose new challenges and results in short communication distance. The antenna directionality, in turn, is required to enhance the communication distance and to overcome the high path loss. However, these features in combine negate the use of traditional medium access protocols (MAC). Therefore, novel MAC protocol designs are required to fully exploit their potential benefits including efficient channel access, control message exchange, link establishment, mobility management, and line-of-sight blockage mitigation. An in-depth survey of Terahertz MAC protocols is presented in this paper. The paper highlights the key features of the Terahertz band which should be considered while designing an efficient Terahertz MAC protocol, and the decisions which if taken at Terahertz MAC layer can enhance the network performance. Different Terahertz applications at macro and nano scales are highlighted with design requirements for their MAC protocols. The MAC protocol design issues and considerations are highlighted. Further, the existing MAC protocols are also classified based on network topology, channel access mechanisms, and link establishment strategies as Transmitter and Receiver initiated communication. Open challenges and future research directions on Terahertz MAC protocols are also highlighted. Index Terms-Terahertz band, terahertz communication network, terahertz technology, terahertz physical layer, terahertz MAC layer, terahertz channel model, terahertz propagation model, terahertz antenna, terahertz transceivers. I. INTRODUCTION T HE DEMAND for wireless data traffic has increased significantly since the evolution of Internet and Mobile Technology and is projected to exceed Petabytes by 2021 [1].

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The absorption and reradiation of radio waves by oxygen and water vapor in the atmosphere

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Attenuation diversity measurements at 20 and 30 GHz

MAC Protocols for Terahertz Communication: A Comprehensive Survey

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