Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Zhadobov, Maxim; Chahat, Nacer; Sauleau, Ronan; Quément, Catherine Le; Dréan, Yves Le

doi:10.1017/s1759078711000122

Cited by 215 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…the skin, whereas an active system will not be able to do this as it only measured reflectivity. It is a known fact that the electromagnetic properties of water dominate the electromagnetic properties of the skin over the MMW bands [29]. Therefore, this experiment investigates the ability of the radiometer to identify and sense water (H 2 O) on the skin surface.…”

Section: Male and Female Skin Signatures In Dry And Wet Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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Abstract-Due to changes in global security requirements attention is turning to new means by which anomalies on the human body might be identified. For security screening systems operating in the millimeter wave band anomalies can be identified by measuring the emissivities of subjects. As the interaction of millimeter waves with the human body is only a fraction of a millimeter into the skin and clothing has a small, but known effect, precise measurement of the emission and reflection of this radiation will allow comparisons with the norm for that region of the body and person category. A technique to measure the human skin emissivity in vivo over the frequency band 80 GHz to 100 GHz is developed and described. The mean emissivity values of the skin of a sample of 60 healthy participants (36 males and 24 females) measured using a 90 GHz calibrated radiometer were found to range from 0.17±0.005 to 0.68±0.005. The lower values of emissivity are a result of measuring particularly thin skin on the inner wrist, volar side of the forearm, and back of hand, whereas higher values of emissivity are results of measuring thick skin on the outer wrist, dorsal surface of the forearm, and palm of hand. The mean differences in the emissivity between Asian and European male participants were calculated to be in the range of 0.04 to 0.11 over all measurement locations. Experimental measurements of the emissivity for male and female participants having normal and high body mass index indicate that the mean differences in the emissivity are in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 for all measurement locations. These results show the quantitative variations in the skin emissivity between locations, gender, and individuals. The mean differences in the emissivity values between dry and wet skin on the palm of hand and back of hand regions were found to be 0.143 and 0.066 respectively. These results confirm that radiometry can, as a non-contact method, identify surfaces attached to the human skin in tens of seconds. These results indicate a route to machine anomaly detection that may increase the through-put speed, the detection probabilities and reduce the false alarm rates in security screening portals.

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Section: Male and Female Skin Signatures In Dry And Wet Statesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Owda

Salmon

Rezgui

2018

PIER B

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“…As MMW penetration in the skin is very limited (i.e. between a few tenth to 1 mm in the therapeutic range (42 -62 GHz) [13,14]), the hypothesis of the activation of free nerve endings from the epidermis and upper dermis by MMW has been proposed [12]. The physiology of the nervous system involves a large panel of cellular processes such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis and programmed cell death.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening

Haas

Page

Sauleau

et al. 2016

Neuroscience Letters

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Highlights: 60 GHz MMW do not impact neuronal tubulin expression during PC12 differentiation. Exposure at 10 mW/cm² induces a slight increase in neurite outgrowth due to the thermal effect. The thermal effect impacts all parameters of the neurite outgrowth. AbstractTechnologies for wireless telecommunication systems using millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely deployed in the near future. Forthcoming applications in this band, especially around 60 GHz, are mainly developed for high data-rate local and body-centric telecommunications. At those frequencies, electromagnetic radiations have a very shallow penetration into biological tissues, making skin keratinocytes, and free nerve endings of the upper dermis the main targets of MMW. Only a few studies assessed the impact of MMW on neuronal cells, and none of them investigated a possible effect on neuronal differentiation.We used a neuron-like cell line (PC12), which undergoes neuronal differentiation when treated with the neuronal growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells were exposed at 60.4 GHz for 24 h, at an incident power density averaged over the cell monolayer of 10 mW/cm². Using a large scale cell-by-cell analysis based on high-content screening microscopy approach, we assessed potential effects of MMW on PC12 neurite outgrowth and cytoskeleton protein expression. No differences were found in protein expression of the neuronal marker β3-Tubulin nor in internal expression control β-Tubulin. On the other hand, our data showed a slight increase, although insignificant, in neurite outgrowth, induced by MMW exposure.However, experimental controls demonstrated that this increase was related to heating.Abbreviations: MMW (millimeter waves), HC (heat control).

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“…Beyond this time, thermoregulatory effects of conduction and convection due to blood flow leads to an increase and then saturation of the graph. Hence the linear Equation (2) has been equated to Equation (3) [11] in the concept of estimation of SAR from thermography data for 300 s of continuous exposure. In the model equation for getting the temperature dynamics, obtained by equating (2) and (3), c is heat capacity of the tissue in J/kg/K, T is temperature in • C, t is time in seconds, r is power reflection coefficient calculated using VSWR of the antenna, d is penetration depth in m and p is tissue density in kg/m 3 .…”

Section: Reconstruction Of Sar Using Thermal Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers [9] have worked on bio thermal simulations to understand SAR and thermal distributions of UWB antennas on the human body while in [10] similar work for implanted UWB antenna was done. Numerical and experimental investigations on SAR and power density from heating dynamics on an experimental phantom was done by [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of Specific Absorption Rate Using Infrared Thermography for the Biocompatibility of Wearable Wireless Devices

Karthik¹,

Rao²

2017

PIER M

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Abstract-Wearable wireless technology has developed as an exciting topic over the last couple of years. With the extensive use of Wearable Wireless Devices (WWD) in greater proximity to the body for various wireless applications, the concern about biological effects due to the interaction of human tissues with the radiations is growing. In this research, we investigate the application of Infrared Thermography (IRT) to obtain temperature dynamics and reconstruct Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) to evaluate the exposure amenability of WWDs. A microstrip monopole antenna on a wearable substrate is used to determine the biological effects of the interaction of electromagnetic (EM) waves on the body. SAR is obtained using EM field simulations and by reconstruction from thermal measurements with the use of bio-heat equations for a continuous exposure of 300 s. Validation of IRT to reconstruct SAR is demonstrated by comparison with EM computations. The maximum SAR was 32 mW/kg, for simulations and 35 mW/kg, from reconstruction after IRT experiments. The maximum temperature change in both cases was always less than 1 • C. The difference between the SAR obtained through IRT and simulation tools accounted for an average of 8.7%. Information acquired using IR temperature dynamics can yield SAR values which can assess radio frequency exposure compliance for WWD at frequencies used for modern wireless technologies, with reliability.

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Millimeter-wave interactions with the human body: state of knowledge and recent advances

Cited by 215 publications

References 70 publications

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Electromagnetic Signatures of Human Skin in the Millimeter Wave Band 80-100 GHZ

Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening

Estimation of Specific Absorption Rate Using Infrared Thermography for the Biocompatibility of Wearable Wireless Devices

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