The Aberdeen Proving Ground Injury Control Project: Influence of a Multiple Intervention Program on Injuries and Fitness Among Ordnance School Soldiers in Advanced Individual Training

Knapik, Joseph J.; Bullock, Steve; Canada, Sara; Toney, E; Wells, Joseph

doi:10.21236/ada411764

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…Three U.S. Army programs examined the combined effects of reducing running mileage with other interventions during the basic training and advanced training (130,131,135,138). Experimental groups did not stretch prior to exercise, performed a wide variety of exercises (calisthenics, dumbbell drills, movement drills, interval training, long-distance mnning), and had reduced mnning mileage.…”

Section: (1) Training-related Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Literature on Attrition from the Military Services: Risk Factors for Attrition and Strategies to Reduce Attrition

Knapik¹,

Jones²,

Hauret³

et al. 2004

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including ttie time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)Attrition is the failure of an enlisted service member to be retained in service v/ithin the first term of enlistment. This paper emphasizes health/fitness-related aspects of attrition but also covers demographic and psychosocial factors. Overall 3-year military attrition steadily rose fi-om 26% in 1985 to 31% in 1995. Demographic and psychosocial risk factors for attrition include lower educational attaiiunent, female gender, White ethnicity, lower Armed Forces Qualification Test scores, lower moral character (less conformance to laws, rules and regulations), moral waivers, pre-service job instability, and less time in the Delayed Entry Program. The age-attrition relationship appears to be bimodal with higher attrition when youngest, decreasing in 19-23 year olds, and rising again after that. Attrition for mental health reasons is associated with pre-service physical/sexual abuse, previous mental health counseliag, previous treatment with medication, previous psychiatric hospitalization, low motivation, pessimism toward training, depression, lack of self-reliance, and referral to a mental health facility. Attrition is also higher among those waivered for hearing problems, skin disorders, back disorders, and prior knee injuries. Other health-related risk factors include pre-service injury, injuries during basic training, a history of prior cigarette smoking, low physical activity prior to service, greater body weight, higher body mass index and lower physical fitness. Strategies to reduce attrition include prescreening by biographical questionnaires, compensatory screening, individual behavioral health counseling, and realistic job previews. Senior leadership initiatives have a powerful effect on attrition. Attrition also appears to be reduced by increasing physical fitness prior to basic training, the Physical Training and Rehabilitation Program, and the Pre-Initial Entry Training Program (for National Guard). ."""""""""""""""""""." -lnitial Entry Training Program,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,..... For the purposes of this paper, attrition was defined as the failure of an enlisted service member to be retained in service during their contracted first term of enlistment. This manuscript reviews a wide range of factors influencing attrition but the primary interest is in health-related factors. SUBJECT TERMS PATTERN OF ATTRITION OVER TIME AND REASONS FOR ATTRITION.Overall 3-year military attrition steadily rose from 26% in 1985 to 31% in 1995. About 1/3 of attrition occurred in the first 6 months of service, about V2 within the first year, and the remainder in the subsequent 2 year period. Separations within the first 6 months of service were associated with performance proble...

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Section: (1) Training-related Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Literature on Attrition from the Military Services: Risk Factors for Attrition and Strategies to Reduce Attrition

Knapik¹,

Jones²,

Hauret³

et al. 2004

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“…The PRT implementations have combined these principles with other approaches to injury reduction. Knapik, Bullock, et al (2003) made this point when they referred to the "multiple intervention" character of the program they studied. The complexity of the interventions makes it impossible to tell whether some PRT principles are more important than others.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The third study was conducted in Advanced Individual Training (AIT; Knapik, Bullock et al, 2004). Additional detail on the physical training programs can be found in technical reports available from the Defense Technical Information Center (Knapik, Hauret, et al, 2001;Knapik, Bullock, et al, 2003;Knapik, Dahakjy et al, 2004). Table 1 gives the size, age, and gender composition for the sample in each study.…”

Section: Methods Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Readiness Training: A Meta-Analysis

Vickers¹,

Ross²

2007

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Summary BackgroundPhysical training is essential for military personnel. Training enhances physical readiness, the physical capacity to perform essential military tasks. However, training can cause injuries that impair performance. Recent advances in training methods may provide better control over the tradeoff between fitness gains and injury. The U.S. Army has developed physical readiness training (PRT) as a conceptual approach to this problem. PRT-based training programs have been evaluated in three studies to date.

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“…The average gains seen in military training units are primarily the result of large gains by the least-fit individuals; individuals who are relatively highly fit initially essentially maintain their fitness. This trend has been evident in at least six studies (Demarle, Heugas, Slawinski, Tricot, Koralsztein, & Billat, 2003;Dyrstad, 2006;Knapik, Bullock, Canada, Toney, Wells, Hoedebecke, et al, 2003;Legaz Arrese, Serrano Ostariz, Casajus Mallen, & Munguia Izquierdo, 2005; Rosendal, Langberg, Skov-Jensen, & Kjaer, 2003; Trank, Ryman, Minagawa, Trone, & Shaffer, 2001). Figure 2 compares the present findings and the results in those studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 89%

An Evaluation of a Combat Conditioning Trial Program

Vickers¹,

Reynolds²,

Jordan³

et al. 2008

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Proper alignment of physical training practices with operational requirements is an ongoing concern for the U.S. Marine Corps. This alignment is being revisited in light of recent combat experiences. Greater emphasis on core strength and power are believed to be needed. A program designed specifically to develop these areas of capability was compared with usual conditioning practices. The Combat Conditioning Trial Program (CCTP) produced gains in core strength and power as intended, with no loss of cardiorespiratory fitness or upper body strength and power. The usual combat conditioning program did produce greater gains in cardiorespiratory fitness, but this trend may have been the result of relatively poor fitness when the study began. The CCTP produced a trend toward lower injury rates. The CCTP achieved its objectives of improving core strength and power without adverse effects on other areas of fitness or injury. Combat Conditioning Trial Program 1Combat operations in Iraq have raised concerns about the relevance of traditional physical training practices to current needs. Many operations are carried out in urban settings. Personnel must function with heavy loads of equipment, including personal protective armor. Traditional physical training programs may not be aligned with today's combat requirements (Amos, 2006).A functional fitness concept has been developed to provide the proper alignment of training with operational requirements. Functional fitness is the "…ability to perform a broad array of natural or realistic physical work. For Marines that work involves all the tasks associated with performance in combat" (Amos, 2006). Key elements of the functional fitness concept include: Fitness follows combat function.  Physical training must develop power, strength, flexibility, speed, endurance, agility, and coordination.  Physical training must have great intensity and variety.  Physical training must be scalable to individual level and be progressive.  Training must emphasize "injury proofing" and active recovery.The concept of functional fitness has been refined to define combat fitness as the goal of physical training. Basic combat fitness is "The minimum maintenance level of individual physical fitness linked to the physical demands associated with Marine Corps service requirements." Beyond this advanced combat fitness is "The level of physical fitness related to operational readiness, which is required to support the unit's operational mission."The U.S. Marine Corps has developed a trial program corresponding to the combat fitness concept. The present report compares this Combat Conditioning Trial Program (CCTP) with the usual combat conditioning. The CCTP was developed by the U.S. Marine Corps Martial Arts Center for Excellence (MACE), with input from other Marine Corps and civilian physical training experts. The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) developed and implemented the plan for evaluating the CCTP. The Problem of Combat ConditioningThe development of combat fitness concept...

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The Aberdeen Proving Ground Injury Control Project: Influence of a Multiple Intervention Program on Injuries and Fitness Among Ordnance School Soldiers in Advanced Individual Training

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

A Review of the Literature on Attrition from the Military Services: Risk Factors for Attrition and Strategies to Reduce Attrition

A Review of the Literature on Attrition from the Military Services: Risk Factors for Attrition and Strategies to Reduce Attrition

Physical Readiness Training: A Meta-Analysis

An Evaluation of a Combat Conditioning Trial Program

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