Emotion self-regulation is an important developmental task in the preschool period that is related to children's emotional and behavioral adjustment in early childhood. Emotion self-regulation and its relation to later adjustment has not been studied in children born with orofacial clefts, despite their risk for externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Eighty-three 5-year-old children with cleft lip and palate, isolated cleft palate, or no cleft condition were videotaped during a laboratory disappointment situation. Results showed that children in the cleft group expressed less disappointment than children in the comparison group. Longitudinal analyses revealed that parenting stress measured when the children were 2 years of age predicted Expressed Disappointment at age 5 years, which, in turn, predicted severity of behavior problems at age 7 years. Although tentative, results indicate that control over mild negative affect may be a protective factor for children with clefts, buffering the effects of early stress on the development of later behavioral and emotional problems. Thus, interventions that reduce parenting stress and enhance children's emotion regulation strategies may decrease the risk for later psychological problems in this population.
Proper alignment of physical training practices with operational requirements is an ongoing concern for the U.S. Marine Corps. This alignment is being revisited in light of recent combat experiences. Greater emphasis on core strength and power are believed to be needed. A program designed specifically to develop these areas of capability was compared with usual conditioning practices. The Combat Conditioning Trial Program (CCTP) produced gains in core strength and power as intended, with no loss of cardiorespiratory fitness or upper body strength and power. The usual combat conditioning program did produce greater gains in cardiorespiratory fitness, but this trend may have been the result of relatively poor fitness when the study began. The CCTP produced a trend toward lower injury rates. The CCTP achieved its objectives of improving core strength and power without adverse effects on other areas of fitness or injury. Combat Conditioning Trial Program 1Combat operations in Iraq have raised concerns about the relevance of traditional physical training practices to current needs. Many operations are carried out in urban settings. Personnel must function with heavy loads of equipment, including personal protective armor. Traditional physical training programs may not be aligned with today's combat requirements (Amos, 2006).A functional fitness concept has been developed to provide the proper alignment of training with operational requirements. Functional fitness is the "…ability to perform a broad array of natural or realistic physical work. For Marines that work involves all the tasks associated with performance in combat" (Amos, 2006). Key elements of the functional fitness concept include: Fitness follows combat function. Physical training must develop power, strength, flexibility, speed, endurance, agility, and coordination. Physical training must have great intensity and variety. Physical training must be scalable to individual level and be progressive. Training must emphasize "injury proofing" and active recovery.The concept of functional fitness has been refined to define combat fitness as the goal of physical training. Basic combat fitness is "The minimum maintenance level of individual physical fitness linked to the physical demands associated with Marine Corps service requirements." Beyond this advanced combat fitness is "The level of physical fitness related to operational readiness, which is required to support the unit's operational mission."The U.S. Marine Corps has developed a trial program corresponding to the combat fitness concept. The present report compares this Combat Conditioning Trial Program (CCTP) with the usual combat conditioning. The CCTP was developed by the U.S. Marine Corps Martial Arts Center for Excellence (MACE), with input from other Marine Corps and civilian physical training experts. The Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL) developed and implemented the plan for evaluating the CCTP. The Problem of Combat ConditioningThe development of combat fitness concept...
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