The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review

Chaudhari, Samriddh; Treffeisen, Leah; Virk, Jaswinder; Parikh, Taral; Ravikumar, Naveen Prasad Gopalakrishnan; Goti, Ashish M; Goyal, Lokesh; Yashi, Kanica

doi:10.7759/cureus.33515

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…The disease is a zoonosis and was first found in monkeys in Denmark, in 1958 2,3 . The first cases in humans were reported in 1970 in Congo, and since then, the infection has mainly spread in endemic countries of west and central Africa 7,8 . There are two distinct genetic clades in the MPOXV: Clade I and Clade II, of which Clade II is divided into subclades Clade IIa and Clade IIb 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 The first cases in humans were reported in 1970 in Congo, and since then, the infection has mainly spread in endemic countries of west and central Africa. 7,8 There are two distinct genetic clades in the MPOXV: Clade I and Clade II, of which Clade II is divided into subclades Clade IIa and Clade IIb. 9 Clade I has the highest fatality rate among the classifications and Clade IIb has the lowest virulent strain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical manifestations of human Mpox infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Yon

Shin

Smıth

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Little is known about the ongoing monkeypox (mpox) outbreak, and the clinical features of mpox in patients worldwide have not been rigorously analysed. Thus, we aimed to investigate the clinical features associated with mpox infection and understand the pathophysiology and characteristics of the disease. For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for articles published till 16 September 2022. We used a random effects model to calculate the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI). We used the I 2 statistic to assess heterogeneity, Egger's test to assess publication bias, 95% prediction interval to determine the level of uncertainty, and the Newcastle-

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical manifestations of human Mpox infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Yon

Shin

Smıth

et al. 2023

Reviews in Medical Virology

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“…The monkeypox virus outbreak is causing a global healthcare problem, and additional efforts should be made to expand the existing material. Journals and funding bodies that do not contribute to the publication of large-scale research on monkeypox viruses should take prompt action [ 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Monkeypox Virus Outbreak 2022: A Bibliometric Analysis

Rehan¹,

Hussain²,

Nihal³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which spreads by direct contact mainly, thus having the propensity to cause future epidemics. The current review aimed to provide an up-todate literature analysis for evaluating scientific data on monkeypox. A bibliometric analysis was conducted through eight electronic databases. The search period was from May 2022 to December 2023. All the articles were exported to Mendeley (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands). The literature search resulted in 415 relevant research articles. The growth of publications gradually rose, initiated in January 2022, leading to a rapid upsurge in May 2022. A total of 409 documents reported the number of citations, with two articles documenting the highest number, ranging from 146-150 and 216-220. The European region (EURO) dominated in publishing research articles on monkeypox, with the United States having the highest number of reports (n = 41; 9.87%), followed by the United Kingdom (n = 35; 8.43%) and Italy (n = 15; 3.61%). There were 82 funding agencies that funded 44 research articles, whereas 371 were not funded by any funding agency. Our analysis has presented the outline of the research articles published on monkeypox virusrelated literature during the current outbreak. Research articles should be financially and administratively supported. Future research is required to expand research on the monkeypox virus, as there is a growing demand for original articles.

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“…Mpox outbreaks have been linked to direct exposure to infected animals and animal products 3,4. In the US, the 2022-2023 mpox outbreak disproportionately affected cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM), Black/African American (Black) and Hispanic/Latino (Latino) subpopulations of MSM, and transgender and gender-diverse adults5 and was characterized by the presentation of genital, anal, and oral skin lesions 6…”

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confidence: 99%

“…3,4 In the US, the 2022-2023 mpox outbreak disproportionately affected cisgender men who have sex with men (MSM), Black/African American (Black) and Hispanic/Latino (Latino) subpopulations of MSM, and transgender and gender-diverse adults 5 and was characterized by the presentation of genital, anal, and oral skin lesions. 6 The US government responded to the outbreak with a government-wide approach to getting testing, treatment, and vaccine to affected communities. 7 It immediately made 2400 doses of JYNNEOSa vaccine indicated for prevention of smallpox and mpox-available to health departments (HDs) from the Strategic National Stockpile.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Vaccination Disparities During a National Emergency Response: The US Mpox Vaccine Equity Pilot Program

Bautista,

Madera-Garcia,

Carter

et al. 2023

Journal of Public Health Management and Practice

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Context: In response to the first reported mpox cases in May 2022, the US government implemented plans to bring testing, treatment, and vaccines to communities disproportionately affected by mpox—including the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) and Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino men, 2 subpopulations experiencing vaccination disparities. We describe the development and implementation of the US Mpox Vaccine Equity Pilot Program (MVEPP), characteristics of completed vaccination projects, and challenges that occurred. We also discuss opportunities for reducing vaccination disparities in future outbreaks. Program: To address reported vaccination disparities, the US government launched MVEPP in 2 phases. Phase 1 centered around public events attended by large numbers of gay, bisexual, and other MSM, such as Pride festivals. Phase 2 asked health departments to propose mpox vaccination projects specifically aimed at reducing or eliminating racial/ethnic and other demographic disparities in mpox vaccination. Implementation: MVEPP received 35 vaccination project proposals. We analyzed data from 22 completed projects that resulted in 25 675 doses of JYNNEOS administered. We note 3 innovative strategies that were implemented in several projects: direct collaboration with organizations providing services to MSM and transgender women; implementation of MVEPP projects in unique nonclinical community settings and at venues frequented by MSM and transgender women; and offering an array of services as part of mpox vaccination projects, rather than offering only mpox vaccination. Evaluation: MVEPP highlighted the importance of recognizing and working to eliminate racial/ethnic and other disparities in access to medical countermeasures during a public health emergency. Jurisdictions developed and implemented innovative strategies to bring mpox vaccination and related services to communities disproportionately affected by mpox—including MSM and the subpopulations of Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino MSM. Lessons learned from MVEPP may inform efforts to reduce disparities during future public health responses.

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The 2022 Monkeypox Epidemic and What Has Led to the Current State of the Disease in the US: A Systematic Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 47 publications

Clinical manifestations of human Mpox infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Clinical manifestations of human Mpox infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Global Monkeypox Virus Outbreak 2022: A Bibliometric Analysis

Reducing Vaccination Disparities During a National Emergency Response: The US Mpox Vaccine Equity Pilot Program

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