The 2007 WHO classification of tumours of the central nervous system

Louis, David N.; Ohgaki, Hideaki; Wiestler, Otmar D.; Cavenee, Webster K.; Burger, Peter C.; Jouvet, Anne; Scheithauer, Bernd W.; Kleihues, Paul

doi:10.1007/s00401-007-0278-6

Cited by 1,563 publications

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“…Glioma invasion into other brain tissue makes the disease difficult to treat, and despite surgery and chemotherapy, the mean survival rate for glioma patients is usually less than a year [1]. According to the World Health Organization, gliomas can be classified into the following three groups, based on the differentiation of astrocytomas: diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and undifferentiated glioblastoma multiform (GBM) [2]. It is important to determine therapeutic solutions that may work in combination with the traditionally clinical therapy for treating gliomas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine Inhibits Migration in Glioma Cells through the ROCK-FAK Pathway

Chen

Chou

Ding

et al. 2014

Cell Physiol Biochem

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Aims: Glioma is the most malignant brain tumor that has the ability to migrate and invade the CNS. In this study, we investigated the signaling mechanism of caffeine on the migration of glioma cells. Methods: The effect of caffeine on cell migration was evaluated using Transwell and wound healing assays. The expression of the focal adhesion complex as it related to cell migration was assayed using Western blotting and immunostaining. Results: Caffeine decreased the migration of rat C6 and human U87MG glioma cells and down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK) and p-paxillin. Caffeine also decreased p-FAK staining at the edge of glioma cells and disassembled actin stress fibers. Additionally, caffeine elevated expression of phosphorylated myosin light chain (p-MLC), an effect that could be blocked by Y27632, a rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, but not myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, ML-7. Y27632 also inhibited the caffeine-reduced expression of p-FAK and p-paxillin as well as cell migration. Conclusion: Caffeine decreased the migration of glioma cell through the ROCK-focal adhesion complex pathway; this mechanism may be useful as part of clinical therapy in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Caffeine Inhibits Migration in Glioma Cells through the ROCK-FAK Pathway

Chen

Chou

Ding

et al. 2014

Cell Physiol Biochem

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“…PA arising in children with NF1 are classified by the WHO as grade I astrocytomas [9] and are histologically identical to PA arising elsewhere in the brain in children without NF1. The NF1 protein, neurofibromin, functions as a negative growth regulator for astrocytes by inhibiting RAS activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2a, b); the proliferation index was less than 3%. Thus, a diagnosis of ganglioglioma was made according to WHO classification of tumors of the nervous system [9]. …”

Section: Case Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ganglioglioma of the Spinal Cord in Neurofibromatosis Type 1

et al. 2013

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The oncologic involvement of the spinal cord in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is not a typical feature of the disease. Here, we present a case of ganglioglioma of the spinal cord in a child with NF1 and try to define if this tumor can be considered coincidental or not. A 4-year-old boy affected by NF1 was diagnosed with a spinal cord-enhancing tumor extending from C4 to D3, with a disappearance in the T2 MRI sequences of the cerebrospinal fluid signal. The patient underwent a subtotal resection. The pathological exam revealed a ganglioglioma. To the best of our knowledge, only 1 other case of spinal cord ganglioglioma has been described in an NF1 patient. We suggest considering ganglioglioma in the differential diagnosis of an NF1 patient with a spinal cord tumor due to its favorable survival rate, especially in relation to the anatomical and surgical issues of this tumor that do not always entail a gross total resection.

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“…Gliomas are graded on a scale of I to IV corresponding to degree of malignancy as determined by various histological features, such as cellular polymorphism, microvascular proliferation, necrosis, high cellularity, and mitotic activity (Louis et al, 2007;Maher et al, 2001;Zhu and Parada, 2002). The most malignant glioma is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a WHOgrade IV tumor characterized histopathologically by nuclear pleomorphism, extensive microvascular proliferation, and/or necrosis.…”

Section: Introduction To Gliomasmentioning

confidence: 99%