The 1994 Java tsunami earthquake: Slip over a subducting seamount

Abercrombie, Rachel E.; Antolik, Michael; Felzer, Karen R.; Ekström, Göran

doi:10.1029/2000jb900403

Cited by 179 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Our study area, the Jembrana Regency in Bali, was also struck by a tsunami with 4-m run-up caused by the 1994 Java earthquake of magnitude 7.2 (Abercrombie et al, 2001;Diposaptono and Budiman, 2005). Jembrana directly faces the Indian Ocean, the junction site of the Eurasian, Australian, and Pacific tectonic plates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GIS mapping of tsunami vulnerability: Case study of the Jembrana regency in Bali, Indonesia

et al. 2011

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The coastal zone is a precious area that sustains many people and various ecosystems of high biological and economic importance. However, ecosystems and human settlements in coastal regions can be vulnerable to natural disasters such as tsunamis. Around Indonesia, seismic activity under the Indian Ocean has caused frequent earthquakes and tsunamis. In this paper, we describe a GISbased multi-criteria analysis of tsunami vulnerability for the Jembrana Regency in Bali, Indonesia. We used multiple geospatial variables of topographic elevation and slope, topographic relation to tsunami direction, coastal proximity, and coastal shape. We also incorporated expert knowledge by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to construct a weighting scheme for the geospatial variables. In order to examine tsunami vulnerability in relation to land use, we overlaid an official land-use map on the tsunami vulnerability map. Buildings as well as residential and agricultural areas were found to be particularly at risk in our study area. GISbased analyses can aid in a wide range of disaster assessment and facilitate regional planning for management and mitigation of natural disasters such as tsunamis. We expect that the tsunami vulnerability map presented here will contribute to preliminary tsunami mitigation and management efforts in the Jembrana Regency.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GIS mapping of tsunami vulnerability: Case study of the Jembrana regency in Bali, Indonesia

et al. 2011

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“…Notwithstanding the short instrumental record, Bilek (2010) suggests tsunami earthquakes are more likely to be generated at erosive margins. These events arise from slip in the shallowest portion of the subduction zone that produce large tsunamis relative to their seismic moment (Kanamori, 1972;Kanamori and Kikuchi, 1993;Satake and Tanioka, 1999;Polet and Kanamori, 2000;Abercrombie et al, 2001;Bilek and Lay, 2002;Ammon et al, 2006). These earthquakes generate large shallow slip on the subduction thrust that uplifts the seafloor, displacing the overlying water.…”

Section: Erosive and Accretionary Convergent Marginsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expedition 344 summary

Li¹,

Malinverno²,

Torres³

et al. 2013

Proceedings of the IODP

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Expedition 344 summaryProc. IODP | Volume 344 2 from velocity-strengthening to velocity-weakening friction, and shear becomes localized. The onset of seismogenic behavior is correlated with the intersection of the 100°-150°C isotherm and the subduction thrust (Hyndman et al., 1997;Oleskevich et al., 1999). With increasing depth down the subduction thrust, the frictional characteristics undergo a second transition either due to the juxtaposition with the forearc mantle or because the rocks are heated to 350°-450°C and can no longer store elastic stresses needed for rupture. Transitional regions between the three zones have conditional stability and can host rupture but are generally not thought to be regions where large earthquakes initiate.Although this three-zone two-dimensional view of the subduction thrust provides a reasonable framework, it is simplistic. Rupture models for large subduction earthquakes suggest significant fault plane heterogeneity in slip and moment release that in three dimensions is characterized as patchiness (Bilek and Lay, 2002). Additionally, we now know the transition zone from stable to unstable sliding is not simple but hosts a range of fault behaviors that includes creep events, strain transients, slow and silent earthquakes, and low-frequency earthquakes (Peng and Gomberg, 2010;Beroza and Ide, 2011;Ide, 2012).Fundamentally unknown are the processes that change fault behavior from stable sliding to stick-slip behavior. Understanding these processes is important for understanding earthquakes, the mechanics of slip, and rupture dynamics. For a fault to undergo unstable slip, fault rocks must have the ability to store elastic strain, be velocity weakening, and have sufficient stiffness. Hypotheses for mechanisms leading to the transition between stable and unstable slip invoke temperature, pressure, and strain-activated processes that lead to downdip changes in the mechanical properties of rocks. These transitions are also sensitive to fault zone composition, lithology, fabric, and fluid pressures.The composition of the material in the fault zone and its contrast with the surrounding wall rock play a key role in rock frictional behavior. The frictional state of the incoming sediment changes progressively with increasing temperature and pressure as it travels downdip. Important lithologic factors influencing friction are composition, fabric, texture, and cementation of rocks, as well as fluid pore pressure (Bernabé et al., 1992;Moore and Saffer, 2001;Beeler, 2007;Marone and Saffer, 2007;Collettini et al., 2009). For example, fault rocks with high phyllosilicate content are generally weaker than rocks with low phyllosilicate content (Ikari et al., 2011). Sediment properties including porosity, permeability, consolidation state, and alteration history also exert a strong influence on fault zone behavior. At erosive margins, where the plate boundary cuts into the overriding plate, the composition and strength of the upper plate is also important (McCaffrey, 1993).Field observations and la...

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“…The regions selected include the subduction zones along the Middle America and Java trenches, both of which recorded recent TsEs; the 2 September 1992 M W 7.7 earthquake offshore Nicaragua Inamura et al, 1993], and the 2 June 1994 M W 7.8 and the 17 July 2006 M W 7.7 earthquakes offshore Java [Abercrombie et al, 2001;Ammon et al, 2006]. To determine if the subduction megathrusts in these environments are particularly susceptible to slow rupturing events, we evaluate only the thrust earthquakes that occur in each region with gCMT depths less than 70 km.…”

Section: Regional Catalogsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global evaluation of large earthquake energy from 1997 through mid-2010

Convers

Newman

2011

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] We develop an updated radiated seismic energy E catalog of global earthquakes with seismic moment M 0 ≥ 10 19 Nm (M W ≥ 6.7) from 1997 through mid-2010, recording 342 events using 17849 seismograms. Station-specific corrections and event duration-dependent total P wave group calculations allow for improved E determinations for large-and long-duration earthquakes. We find the global mean energy-to-moment ratio = log 10 (E/M 0 ) = −4.59 ± 0.36. Robust deviations are found for thrust ( T = −4.74), strike-slip ( SS = −4.44), and normal ( N = −4.51) faulting events. For two regions with recent energy deficient tsunami earthquakes (TsE), we examine all large thrust earthquakes with M 0 ≥ 5 × 10 17 Nm (M W ≥ 5.7), to identify a regional characterization in their relative radiated energy-to-moment ratio. While thrust events along Java, Indonesia, the site of two TsE events in 1994 and 2006, are comparable ( T−JV = −4.91) to the global thrust average, events along the Middle America Trench (MAT), the site of the 1992 Nicaragua TsE, are consistently deficient ( T−MAT = −5.15). Along the MAT, a trend of increased deficiency in radiated energy to the southeast occurs in the direction of more rapid plate convergence. Global thrust mechanisms become increasingly deficient in radiated seismic energy at shallow depths, with TsE events representing the shallowest and most energetically deficient end-member of the events in the study. Results suggest thrust events are highly variable but tend to increase in apparent stress from about 15 kPa near the surface to 2 MPa near 70 km depth.

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The 1994 Java tsunami earthquake: Slip over a subducting seamount

Cited by 179 publications

References 36 publications

GIS mapping of tsunami vulnerability: Case study of the Jembrana regency in Bali, Indonesia

GIS mapping of tsunami vulnerability: Case study of the Jembrana regency in Bali, Indonesia

Expedition 344 summary

Global evaluation of large earthquake energy from 1997 through mid-2010

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