The 1982–83 Eruption of Galunggung (Indonesia): A Case Study of Volcanic Hazards with Particular Relevance to Air Navigation

Gourgaud, Alain; Camus, G.; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Morel, J.-M.; Sudradjat, Adjat; Vincent, Pierre

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73759-6_9

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Phase 2 was previously defined as phreatomagmatic (Gourgaud et al, 1989) based on the erupted tephra: tuff-ring of surge deposits with U-shaped channels, antidune, vesiculated tufs, and of fall deposits with accretionary lapillis, cauliflower bombs and bomb sags, xenolith-rich stratified deposits. Moreover a new crater that intersect largely the 1918 dome, was opened.…”

Section: Eruptive Style Of Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quiet intervals between major eruptions lasted few days during phase 1. Phase 1 was previously defined as vulcanian (Gourgaud et al, 1989) on the basis of observations of the activity carried out by Volcanological Survey of Indonesia (VSI), on the volumetrically dominant ash-and-scoria flow deposits ( Fig. 2), and on common bread-crust bombs in the proximal fallout deposits.…”

Section: Vulcanian Phase 1 (April 5-may 13 1982)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We emphasize ( Gourgaud et al, 1989 and this study) the increase of explosivity (as Volcanic Explosivity Index, Newhall and Self, 1982) from phase 1 to phase 2, with higher plume height, larger volume deposits and drastic changes of crater morphology. The analysis of the 1982-83 eruptive products has been previously performed ( Gourgaud et al, 1989). It has been completed for this work, with focus on the transition between phases 1 and 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratigraphy and textural characteristics of the 1982–83 tephra of Galunggung volcano (Indonesia): implications for volcanic hazards

Gourgaud

Thouret

Bourdier

2000

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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The Galunggung volcano in western Java (Indonesia) was the site of historical activity in 1822, 1894, 1918, and 1982-83, located in a pre-historical horseshoe-shaped caldera. In 1982-83, a nine-month-long eruption generated successively (1) ash-and-scoria flows channeled in two valleys and extending 6 km from the vent (vulcanian phase 1), (2) surges and ash falls related to the excavation of a wide maar crater, with ash columns 20 km high (phreatomagmatic phase 2), and (3) ash and scoria falls that built a small cone inside the maar crater (strombolian phase 3).During phreatomagmatic phase 2, there was a significant increase of explosivity. Paradoxically, the magma composition had evolved from andesite to primitive magnesian basalt. Jet-plane incidents were recorded during this period: on the June 24 and July 13, 1982, two Boeing 747 aircraft experienced engine power loss when passing through the plume.The vertical variations of grain sizes and xenolith contents of pyroclasts were measured in the 1982-83 eruptive deposits. We show that a progressive increase of the ratio of xenolith versus juvenile magma before the end of vulcanian phase 1 heralded the increase of explosivity leading towards phreatomagmatic phase 2. In the same way, the decrease of the same ratio at the end of the phreatomagmatic phase 2 heralded the decrease of explosivity and the onset of strombolian phase 3. The transition from phase 1 to phase 2 is also marked by a slight but continuous decrease of the vesicularity index of juvenile clasts.We emphasize the increasing efficiency of groundwater/magma interaction during the eruption. The increasing interaction and renewed explosive activity occurred after a period of rest, during which additional groundwater was supplied in the vicinity of the magma column.The data suggest that it would have been possible to predict as soon as April-May 1982 the transition from vulcanian to phreatomagmatic activity, and consequently the corresponding increase in explosivity.

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Section: Eruptive Style Of Phasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Vulcanian Phase 1 (April 5-may 13 1982)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stratigraphy and textural characteristics of the 1982–83 tephra of Galunggung volcano (Indonesia): implications for volcanic hazards

Gourgaud

Thouret

Bourdier

2000

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Progressively smaller fragments are carried away from the vent by wind. A large eruption cloud can produce impenetrable darkness and poses a significant threat to aircraft (Gourgaud et al, 1989).…”

Section: 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mixed-Mode GPS Network Processing Approach for Deformation Monitoring Applications

Janssen¹,

Rizos²

2003

Survey Review

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350 words maximum:Ground deformation due to volcanic magma intrusion is recognised as an important precursor of eruptive activity at a volcano. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is ideally suited for this application by being able to measure threedimensional coordinate changes of the monitoring points over time. Due to the highly disturbed ionosphere in equatorial regions, particularly during times of maximum solar activity, a deformation monitoring network consisting entirely of singlefrequency GPS receivers cannot deliver baseline solutions at the desired accuracy level. In this thesis, a mixed-mode GPS network approach is proposed in order to optimise the existing continuous single-frequency deformation monitoring system on the Papandayan volcano in West Java, Indonesia. A sparse network of dual-frequency GPS receivers surrounding the deformation zone is used to generate empirical 'correction terms' in order to model the regional ionosphere. These corrections are then applied to the single-frequency data of the inner network to improve the accuracy of the results by modelling the residual atmospheric biases that would otherwise be neglected.This thesis reviews the characteristics of existing continuously operating GPS deformation monitoring networks. The UNSW-designed mixed-mode GPS-based volcano deformation monitoring system and the adopted data processing strategy are described, and details of the system's deployment in an inhospitable volcanic environment are given. A method to optimise the number of observations for deformation monitoring networks where the deforming body itself blocks out part of the sky, and thereby significantly reduces the number of GPS satellites being tracked, is presented. The ionosphere and its effects on GPS signals, with special consideration for the situation in equatorial regions, are characterised. The nature of the empirically-derived 'correction terms' is investigated by using several data sets collected over different baseline lengths, at various geographical locations, and under different ionospheric conditions. Data from a range of GPS networks of various sizes, located at different geomagnetic latitudes, including data collected on Gunung Papandayan, were processed to test the feasibility of the proposed mixed-mode deformation monitoring network approach. It was found that GPS baseline results can be improved by up to 50% in the midlatitude region when the 'correction terms' are applied, although the performance of the system degrades in close proximity to the geomagnetic equator during a solar maximum. Declaration relating to disposition of project report/thesisI am fully aware of the policy of the University relating to the retention and use of higher degree project reports and theses, namely that the University retains the copies submitted for examination and is free to allow them to be consulted or borrowed. Subject to the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968, the University may issue a project report or thesis in whole or in part, in photostat or microfi...

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“…As one of active volcano mountain in Java, Mt. Galunggung has climax primer forest community until it was erupted in 1982-1983 and lead to ecosystem recovery [3,4]. It was erupted very destructive over both short and long period [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Botanical Exploration and Crater Vegetation Survey of Mt. Galunggung, West Java

Zuhri¹,

Wiriadinata

Astuti

et al. 2016

JTLS

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Botanical exploration at Mt. Galunggung protected forest, West Java was conducted in June 2014. This study aimed to collect plant living specimen for ex-situ conservation purpose of Kuningan Botanic Garden and to conduct vegetation analysis in crater area. Random inventory method at 600 -1200 m above sea level was used to collect plant in that area. Vegetation analysis of tree, shrub and herb were used line transect methods. 273 collection numbers of plant living species were collected from Mt. Galunggung, which consist of 213 species, 143 genus and 72 families. Orchidaceae, Moraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Arecaceae and Lauraceae were the most collected plant families from Mt. Galunggung. In crater area were collected a lot of pioneer plants, such as dawola (Trema cannabina Lour.), paku tiang (Cyathea spp.), nangsi (Villebrunea rubescens (Blume) Blume), muncang cina (Ostodes paniculata Blume), mara (Macaranga tanarius (L.) Mull.Arg.), and kareumbi (Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax). Furthermore, in secondary remnant forests were collected the typical plants of Java mountains such as saninten (Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC.), puspa (Schima wallichii Choisy) and some of tree seedlings from Lauraceae family. Vegetation affected by eruption in Mt. Galunggung is in early stage of forest succession and still develops to next stage of succession. Tree, shrub and herb in the crater area were dominated by Cyathea contaminans (Wall. Ex Hook.) Copel., Calliandra callothyrsus Meisn., and Ageratina riparia (Regel) R.M.King & H.Rob. with H' was 0.35, 0.22 and 0.30 respectively.

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The 1982–83 Eruption of Galunggung (Indonesia): A Case Study of Volcanic Hazards with Particular Relevance to Air Navigation

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Stratigraphy and textural characteristics of the 1982–83 tephra of Galunggung volcano (Indonesia): implications for volcanic hazards

Stratigraphy and textural characteristics of the 1982–83 tephra of Galunggung volcano (Indonesia): implications for volcanic hazards

A Mixed-Mode GPS Network Processing Approach for Deformation Monitoring Applications

Botanical Exploration and Crater Vegetation Survey of Mt. Galunggung, West Java

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