“…2 Holdout has been observed in laboratory experiments by, e.g., Cadigan, Schmitt, Shupp, & Swope (2009, Swope, Wielgus, Schmitt & Cadigan (2011), Parente & Winn (2012), Collins & Isaac (2012), Zillante, Schwarz, & Read (2014), Swope, Cadigan & Schmitt (2014) and . Brooks & Lutz (2016) and Portillo (2017) report field data consistent with seller holdout.…”