Th17 Cells Interactions with the Brain Endothelium in Vitro

Abstract

Abstract:The nature of the interaction between Th17 cells and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for the development of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). TNF-α or IL-17 stimulation is known to enhance the adherence of Th17 cells to the brain endothelium. The brain endothelial cells (bEnd.3) express VCAM-1, the receptor responsible for inflammatory cell adhesion, which binds VLA-4 on migrating effector lymphocytes at the early stage of brain inflammation. The present study examines the effect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-17 on the adherence of Th17 cells to bEnd.3 The bEnd.3 cells were found to increase production of CCL2 and CXCL1 after stimulation by pro-inflammatory cytokines, while CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 and IL17 induced Th17 cell migration through a bEnd.3 monolayer. This interaction between Th17 cells and the brain endothelium appears to be mediated by VCAM-1 and some chemotactic cytokines. This observation may suggest potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of autoimmune neuroinflammation development in the CNS.

Propionate and Butyrate Produced by Gut Microbiota after Probiotic Supplementation Attenuate Lung Metastasis of Melanoma Cells in Mice

“…The above results indicated that propionate and butyrate treatment promoted the recruitment of Th17 cells and CCL20 expression in the lungs. Previous studies reported that several types of cells in the lungs could secret CCL20, for example, endothelial cells, [ 36,37 ] epithelial cells, [ 38,39 ] macrophages, [ 40 ] and tumor cells. [ 41,42 ] To investigate which type of cell secrets CCL20, the endothelial cell line MS1, epithelial cell line MLE12, macrophage cell line Raw264.7, and B16F10 tumor cells were used.…”

restitution-and-legal-pluralism-in-contexts-of-displacement

“…However, fairness is perceived in terms of the degree of participation and the opportunity for the parties to express their views rather than the nature of the outcome. 39 People feel more comfortable expressing their concerns and defending their interests in such systems because they know them better and are more familiar with customary rules and values, while they often are often ignorant of the content of statutory law. Interestingly, the Liberia survey points out that femaleheaded households are less likely to agree that customary decisions should prevail over formal ones.…”