Th1 and Th17 balance in inflammatory myopathies: Interaction with dendritic cells and possible link with response to high-dose immunoglobulins

Elevated IL-4 and IFN-γ Levels in Muscle Tissue of Patients with Dermatomyositis

“…In addition, in contrast to semi-quantitatively evaluated immunoblot methods used in previous studies, we assessed cytokine levels with a more accurate quantitative ELISA method. Th2/Th17 and Th1/Th17 ratios were previously found to be elevated in peripheral blood and muscle-infiltrating T-cells suggesting that Th17 activation occurs at a lesser magnitude in DM than other Th-related immunity (8,12). Moreover, IL-17 levels were not correlated with severity of muscle weakness in our study.…”

Increased muscle expression of interleukin-17 in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

“…24 However, this single observation is in apparent contradiction with a vast body of evidence supporting a major role of IL-17 in several models of chronic autoimmune inflammation, including collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. 8,22,[25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] We did not find any detectable levels of IL-17 in control muscles. Consistent with the abovementioned observations in JDM, IL-17 mRNA was detectable in all except 2 JDM muscle biopsy samples tested, albeit with a wide range of expression levels.…”

The role of interleukin-17 in immune-mediated inflammatory myopathies and possible therapeutic implications

“…The frequency of Th17 cells [94,105]in PM and DM PBMCand Th17 cytokines (IL-6, IL-23, IL-1β and TGF-β) in DM have also been shown to beincreased in comparison to healthy controls [105]. IMNM has been characterized by a Th1 immune response however this study did not assess IL-17/Th17 expression [14].…”