Tetramethylpyrazine: A review on its mechanisms and functions

Lin, Jianguo; Wang, Qingqing; Zhou, Simin; Xu, Siyu; Yao, Kuiwu

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113005

Cited by 86 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 217 publications

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“…[27]. Furthermore, tetramethylpyrazine has medical effects, such as treating cardiovascular diseases and improving learning disabilities [50,51]. In this study, the contents of pyrazines in three kinds of Daqu were the highest, and tetramethylpyrazine was the most abundant, comprising 31-46% of the total pyrazines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Correlational Analysis of the Physicochemical Indexes, Volatile Flavor Components, and Microbial Communities of High-Temperature Daqu in the Northern Region of China

Pang

Hao

et al. 2023

Foods

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Daqu is a microbial-rich baijiu fermentation starter. The high-temperature Daqu plays an essential role in the manufacturing of sauce-flavored baijiu. However, few studies have focused on three kinds of high-temperature Daqu (white, yellow, and black Daqu) in northern China. In this study, the physicochemical indexes, volatile flavor compounds, and microbial characteristics of the three different colors of high-temperature Daqu in northern China were comparatively analyzed to reveal their potential functions. White Daqu (WQ) exhibited the highest liquefying power and starch, and black Daqu (BQ) showed the highest saccharifying and esterifying powers. A total of 96 volatile components were identified in the three types of Daqu, and the contents of the volatile components of yellow Daqu (YQ) were the highest. The microbial community structure analysis showed that Bacillus and Byssochlamys were dominant in BQ, Kroppenstedtia and Thermoascus were dominant in WQ, and Virgibacillus and Thermomyces dominated the YQ. The RDA analysis revealed the correlation between the dominant microorganisms and different physicochemical indexes. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated that Oceanobacillus, Saccharopolyspora, Staphylococcus, Pseudogracilibacillus, Byssochlamys, and Thermomyces showed positive correlations with part of the majority of the key volatile flavor compounds. This work provides a scientific basis for the actual production of different colors of high-temperature Daqu in the northern region of China for sauce-flavored baijiu.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

Correlational Analysis of the Physicochemical Indexes, Volatile Flavor Components, and Microbial Communities of High-Temperature Daqu in the Northern Region of China

Pang

Hao

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…Phenethyl alcohol is synthesized by Saccharomyces through the shikimic acid pathway and the Ehrlich pathway [ 25 ]; as the main volatile alcohol with floral and rose aromas in ZJV [ 26 ], its content gradually increased during fermentation and softened the taste of ZJV. Moreover, 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine was also found in ZJV, which not only provides nutty, coffee and chocolate flavors, but also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties that are beneficial for the treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases [ 27 ]. These volatile flavor substances are present in vinegar in very small amounts, but they can impart unique aromatic notes to vinegar and different aroma characteristics in different combinations and proportions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Microbial Communities, Flavor, and Physicochemical Properties during Ziziphus jujube Vinegar Fermentation: Correlation between Microorganisms and Metabolites

Ruan

Wang

et al. 2022

Foods

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Jujube pulp separated from Ziziphus jujube is often discarded after processing, resulting in a serious waste of resources and environmental pollution. Herein, Ziziphus jujube pulp was used as a raw material for vinegar fermentation. To investigate the dynamic distribution of microorganisms and flavor substances in ZJV, correlations between environmental variables (e.g., total acid, reducing sugar, temperature) and flavor substances (organic acids, amino acids, volatile substances) and microorganisms were analyzed. Physicochemical indicators (temperature, total acid, alcohol) were the main factors affecting ZJV fermentation. The middle and later stages of ZJV fermentation were the periods showing the largest accumulation of flavor substances. Organic acids (acetic acid, malic acid, citric acid, lactic acid), amino acids (Asp, Glu, Arg) and volatile substances (ethyl phenylacetate, phenethyl alcohol) were important odor-presenting substances in ZJV. In the bacterial community, the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) with an average relative abundance of more than 10% in at least one fermentation stage were mainly Acetobacter, Lactobacillus and Saccharopolyspora, while it was Thermomyces in the fungal community. Pearson correlation coefficients showed that Penicillium, Lactobacillus and Acetobacter were the core microorganisms, implying that these microorganisms contributed to the flavor formation greatly in ZJV fermentation. This study reveals the correlation between physicochemical indexes and flavor substances and microorganisms in ZJV fermentation. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for the development of the ZJV industry.

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“…Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP, C 8 H 12 N 2 , molecular weight: 136.22, oral bioavailability: 20.01%, soluble in hot water, petroleum ether, chloroform and dilute hydrochloric acid) is the main active alkaloid separated and purified from Chuanxiong Rhizoma (Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. ), which exhibits antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties and regulates autophagy, angiogenesis, vasodilation, endothelial function and so on [ 23 ]. Paeoniflorin (PF, C 23 H 28 O 11 , molecular weight: 480.51, oral bioavailability: 53.87%, soluble in water, methanol, ethanol and chloroform) is the main active ingredient of Paeoniae Radix Rubra ( Paeonia lactiflora Pall.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Novel Angiogenesis Signalling circSCRG1/miR-1268b/NR4A1 Pathway in Atherosclerosis and the Regulatory Effects of TMP-PF In Vitro

Yuan

Xin

et al. 2023

Molecules

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Angiogenesis contributes to plaque instability in atherosclerosis and further increases cardio-cerebrovascular risk. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are promising biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis. Previous studies have demonstrated that tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) and paeoniflorin (PF) combination treatment (TMP-PF) inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced angiogenesis in vitro. However, whether circRNAs regulate angiogenesis in atherosclerosis and whether TMP-PF can regulate angiogenesis-related target circRNAs in atherosclerosis are unknown. In this study, human RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data were analysed to identify differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs in atherosclerosis and to obtain angiogenesis-associated circRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-messenger RNA (mRNA) networks. Target circRNA-related mechanisms in angiogenesis in atherosclerosis and the regulatory effects of TMP-PF on target circRNA signalling were studied in ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and luciferase reporter assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting. A novel circRNA (circular stimulator of chondrogenesis 1, circSCRG1) was initially identified associated with angiogenesis in atherosclerosis, and circSCRG1 silencing up-regulated miR-1268b expression, increased nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) expression and then promoted ox-LDL-induced angiogenesis. TMP-PF (1 μmol/L TMP combined with 10 μmol/L PF) up-regulated circSCRG1 expression, mediated miR-1268b to suppress NR4A1 expression and then inhibited ox-LDL-induced angiogenesis. However, circSCRG1 silencing abolished the inhibitory effects of TMP-PF on ox-LDL-induced angiogenesis, which were rescued by the miR-1268b inhibitor. In conclusion, circSCRG1 might serve as a new target regulating angiogenesis in atherosclerosis via the circSCRG1/miR-1268b/NR4A1 axis and TMP-PF could regulate the circSCRG1/miR-1268b/NR4A1 axis to inhibit angiogenesis in atherosclerosis in vitro, indicating a novel angiogenesis signalling circSCRG1/miR-1268b/NR4A1 pathway in atherosclerosis and the regulatory effects of TMP-PF, which might provide a new pharmaceutical strategy to combat atherosclerotic plaque instability.

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Tetramethylpyrazine: A review on its mechanisms and functions

Cited by 86 publications

References 217 publications

Correlational Analysis of the Physicochemical Indexes, Volatile Flavor Components, and Microbial Communities of High-Temperature Daqu in the Northern Region of China

Correlational Analysis of the Physicochemical Indexes, Volatile Flavor Components, and Microbial Communities of High-Temperature Daqu in the Northern Region of China

Dynamics of Microbial Communities, Flavor, and Physicochemical Properties during Ziziphus jujube Vinegar Fermentation: Correlation between Microorganisms and Metabolites

Identification of a Novel Angiogenesis Signalling circSCRG1/miR-1268b/NR4A1 Pathway in Atherosclerosis and the Regulatory Effects of TMP-PF In Vitro

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