Tetanus Vaccination and Extra-Immunization among Adult Populations: Eight-Year Follow Up Cohort Study of 771,443 Adults in Taiwan, 2006–2013

Liu, Shih Wei; Huang, Lien‐Hung; Chung, Wu Fu; Wu, Jau‐Ching; Chen, Li Fu; Chen, Yi Chun

doi:10.3390/ijerph15081622

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore, it was suggested that childhood vaccination alone could protect sufficiently against tetanus and diphtheria [ 13 , 14 ]. However, the question of having ongoing booster shots is really more complicated than only considering the frequency of a disease [ 13 , 15 ]. Although there has been a lack of change in tetanus incidence, other factors could strongly affect the number of cases, including wound management, the amount of bacteria in the environment, and hygiene measures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Protectivity of a Conjugated COVID-19 Vaccine against Tetanus

Doroud,

Ashrafian,

Javadi

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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PastoCovac is a subunit protein vaccine against COVID-19 which contains the tetanus toxoid as a carrier conjugated to SARS-CoV-2 RBD. The primary goal of the tetanus application was to elicit a stronger specific response in the individuals. However, conjugate vaccines have the potency to generate anticarrier antibodies in addition to the target antigen. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the PastoCovac vaccine in the humoral immune induction against tetanus. Six groups of individuals, including those who received one, two, or three doses of the PastoCovac vaccine, Td vaccine, and also the controls who received other COVID-19 vaccines (except PastoCovac), were investigated. The anti-tetanus IgG was assessed by an ELISA assay in all vaccinated groups. The antibody persistency against tetanus in the group who received one dose of the PastoCovac vaccine was also assessed on day 60, 90, and 180 after the last injection. The anti-tetanus antibody titer in the three groups of PastoCovac recipients was positive, though additional doses of the vaccine led to a significant antibody rise (p = 0.003). Notably, the comparison of the mean antibody titer between the Td recipients and those who received one/two doses of PastoCovac showed that the mean rise in the antibody titer before and after the injection was not significant. Although the antibody titer on day 180 decreased to a lower level than on day 21, it was still estimated to be highly positive against tetanus. Eventually, none of the PastoCovac recipients presented vaccine side-effects during the follow-up. The current data indicate that the tetanus conjugate vaccine against COVID-19, PastoCovac, could induce immune responses against tetanus, which can persist for at least 6 months. Combination vaccine formulae containing TT and DT as carriers for conjugate vaccines could be considered instead of TT and/or DT boosters in adults if they are indicated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Protectivity of a Conjugated COVID-19 Vaccine against Tetanus

Doroud,

Ashrafian,

Javadi

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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“…The tetanus vaccine is considered by the WHO as being very safe, also for HIV patients and immuno-depressed individuals [ 17 ]. The data from the serological studies show that in order to obtain prolonged protection, at least 5 doses are needed, and this vaccination seems to be less effective in those older than 60 years old due to a lower activity of the cellular immunity mediated by T lymphocytes [ 6 , 18 , 19 ]. Tetanus antitoxin antibodies titers of at least 0.01–0.2 IU/mL are considered good levels of protection, as determined in serum through a standard ELISA test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Survivor: A Clinical Case of Tetanus in a Non-Immunized, Parenteral Drug User, Former Female Convict with HIV and HCV

Vicente-Alcalde¹,

Martín-Casquero

Ruescas-Escolano

et al. 2020

Vaccines

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Tetanus is a serious and potentially fatal systemic disease, caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. It is estimated that 1 million cases occur worldwide annually. Immunization programs have drastically decreased tetanus in developed countries, and the sporadic cases have been linked to injecting drug users (IDUs), immunosuppressed individuals, or those older than 65 without complete vaccination. Regrettably, it is still endemic in under-developed countries. In Spain, an average of 10 cases are notified each year, especially affecting those older than 65. The present article describes a case of a 48-year-old Spanish woman, an ex-convict and IDU with infection antecedents of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C (HCV), who was admitted to the Emergency Department of a University Hospital with cervical rigidity and trismus. In a few hours, a neurological and respiratory deterioration was observed, resulting in admittance to the intensive care unit under the suspicion of a generalized tetanus infection. The treatment included hemodynamic support and respiratory therapy, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, sedatives, and tetanus immunoglobulin. Her stay in the ICU lasted 47 days. The clinical suspicion, the antecedents of risk, and the verification of the vaccination records should provide early guidance for diagnostics and the establishment of a treatment in these cases.

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“…A longitudinal study in Taiwan following 770,000 adult patients over eight years discovered that more than 160,000 unnecessary tetanus boosters were given. 5 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using an Online Vaccination Registry to Confirm Tetanus Status in Children with Tetanus-prone Wounds

Zeretzke-Bien

McCall

Wylie

et al. 2020

WestJEM

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Introduction Tetanus vaccination status is an important consideration for emergency physicians managing patients with tetanus-prone wounds. Physicians must identify at-risk patients, but vaccination histories are often unknown and commonly lack documentation. The study objective was to determine the potential impact of an online immunization registry (Florida SHOTS – State Health Online Tracking System) on the appropriate administration of tetanus prophylaxis for pediatric patients managed in the emergency department (ED). Methods We conducted a retrospective review of all patients less than 18 years old who received ED tetanus prophylaxis at two separate sites between January 2011–May 2015. The Florida SHOTS database was accessed to determine vaccination status for each patient in the study group at the time of the encounter. We compared vaccination status for each patient, as documented in the electronic health record (EHR), with Florida SHOTS data to determine whether tetanus prophylaxis was indicated. The proportion of patients receiving tetanus prophylaxis in the ED, who were subsequently identified as up to date with tetanus vaccination per Florida SHOTS, was determined. Results We identified 743 patients who received ED tetanus prophylaxis. Forty-three (6%) were listed as “up to date” on the EHR and 656 (93%) were listed as “not up to date.” In comparison, 209 (30%) of the study group were identified as “up to date” via Florida SHOTS, and 477 (70%) were not. We accessed the Florida SHOTS record retrospectively to determine whether the vaccine was required. It was determined that 174 (25%) of the patients received tetanus prophylaxis unnecessarily as they were already up to date per Florida SHOTS documentation. Conclusion Twenty-five percent of patients vaccinated for tetanus in the ED could have been spared if Florida SHOTS data had been used by providers at the time of the encounter. Access to Florida SHOTS provides valuable information regarding vaccination status that impacts patient care and resource utilization in the ED.

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Tetanus Vaccination and Extra-Immunization among Adult Populations: Eight-Year Follow Up Cohort Study of 771,443 Adults in Taiwan, 2006–2013

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Potential Protectivity of a Conjugated COVID-19 Vaccine against Tetanus

Potential Protectivity of a Conjugated COVID-19 Vaccine against Tetanus

The Survivor: A Clinical Case of Tetanus in a Non-Immunized, Parenteral Drug User, Former Female Convict with HIV and HCV

Using an Online Vaccination Registry to Confirm Tetanus Status in Children with Tetanus-prone Wounds

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