Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures, 1977 2002

Tenpas, Kathryn Dunn; McCann, James A.

doi:10.1093/poq/nfm020

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Some authors argue that election campaigns are permanent, simply varying in intensity across the electoral cycle (Strömbäck, ; Tenpas & McCann, ). Others discern between election campaigns and campaigning whilst governing with an eye to gaining reelection (Cook, ), but note that these two types of campaigning are becoming fundamentally indistinguishable from one another (Doherty, ).…”

Section: Implications For Research and Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholders in the political marketing context

Ormrod

2017

Journal of Public Affairs

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Stakeholders influence the ability of organisations to achieve their aims, but little work has been carried out into understanding the stakeholder concept as applied to political actors. This paper first discusses the contextual nature of stakeholders using normative and strategic, and broad and narrow dimensions, integrating these 2 dimensions with power asymmetries and reciprocity.This paper then argues that a broad stakeholder concept for the political marketing context reconciles strategic and normative issues, as whilst successful interactions with specific stakeholders are necessary to achieve completed political exchanges of value, all stakeholders that exist in democratic societies have some form of moral claim to representation. As each political exchange of value consists of 3 consecutive interactions, the direct stakeholders in 1 interaction become indirect stakeholders in subsequent interactions. As each interaction occurs within a "marketplace" context, interactions in previous marketplace(s) together with expectations of the impact on future marketplace(s) influence current decision-making. Finally, it is proposed that in the political marketing context, the stakeholder concept can be defined as "context-specific agents that directly or indirectly influence or are influenced by the political actor."

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Section: Implications For Research and Practicementioning

confidence: 99%

Stakeholders in the political marketing context

Ormrod

2017

Journal of Public Affairs

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“…Using Federal Election Commission disclosure records, Murray and Howard found that Presidents Reagan and Clinton engaged in a great deal of polling, and Presidents Carter and George Bush polled less during the first 3 years of their presidencies (Murray & Howard, , p. 527). However, Tenpas and McCann's study of presidents from Carter to George W. Bush found that the amount of polling conducted in every administration increased over time (Tenpas & McCann, , p. 365). Tenpas' interviews and review of Federal Election Commission and presidential library records found that President George W. Bush's claim not to engage in polling was fallacious (Tenpas, ).…”

Section: Literature Review: the Permanent Campaignmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring the boundaries of America's permanent campaign

Alaimo

2017

Journal of Public Affairs

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This research measures the boundaries of the "permanent campaign" practiced by spokespeople for the United States government.Scholars have accused modern White House communications staff of conducting a permanent campaign by prioritizing presidential public opinion ratings over good governance. However, researchers have not previously measured whether this campaign is conducted exclusively from the White House, or if government agencies are also involved-dramatically increasing the potential scale and scope of the campaign.The researcher conducted a rare set of interviews with public affairs officers who worked for the Treasury Department during the administrations of Presidents Obama and George W. Bush to find out whether they utilize public opinion ratings in their work and whether they attempt to play to the emotions, rather than the reason, of the American people.This study finds that the Treasury is not conducting a permanent campaign.The results demonstrate that the campaign is not practiced in a cabinet agency critical to presidential political fortunes and reelection prospects, suggesting that it is likely confined to the White House.

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“…The practice of permanent campaigning can be traced back to the Nixon presidency in 1968, which represented a major change in the operation of modern US government (Culbertson, 2008;McClellan, 2008). To maintain its popularity, modern US government communication often becomes a nonstop, continuous campaigning process (Ornstein & Mann, 2000;Tenpas & McCann, 2007). The three US presidents in the last two decades continued the above practice as part of their governing strategy (Goidel, 2011).…”

Section: Permanent Campaignmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To test the endurance of the concept of permanent campaign, scholars have investigated indicators such as the yearly or monthly polling expenditures of the government and congress (Tenpas & McCann, 2007). Nevertheless, few (if any) studies have compared the messages during an election with those in a non-election period, to clarify whether politicians are undergoing the same concept of "campaigning" in different periods.…”

Section: Permanent Campaignmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facebook political communication in Taiwan: 1.0/2.0 messages and election/post-election messages

Wen

2013

Chinese Journal of Communication

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Facebook's use in political communication has been increasingly popular around the world. Although studies have investigated Facebook political communication in various contexts, related research in Chinese communities has been rare. The current study analyzed candidates' Facebook pages during and after the 2012 Taiwanese presidential election. Considering the interactive nature of Facebook, this study also compared the 1.0 (candidate messages) and 2.0 messages (candidate messages highlighted by "friends"). Comparative analysis revealed that while the 1.0 messages emphasized policy more than character, the 2.0 messages emphasized character over policy. This study also suggests that politicians have shifted the main functions of their Facebook posts based on their roles in campaigning and governing.

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Testing the Permanence of the Permanent Campaign: An Analysis of Presidential Polling Expenditures, 1977 2002

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Stakeholders in the political marketing context

Stakeholders in the political marketing context

Measuring the boundaries of America's permanent campaign

Facebook political communication in Taiwan: 1.0/2.0 messages and election/post-election messages

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