Testicular sperm extraction for nonobstructive azoospermia: results of a multibiopsy approach with optimized tissue dispersion

Single tubule biopsy: a new objective microsurgical advancement for testicular sperm retrieval in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia

“…Furthermore, although the STs appeared dilated, during TESE under optical magnification, however, dissection, excision, and fresh examination of these tubules failed to retrieve sperm cells (20). Other investigators reported a higher sperm retrieval rates ranging from 45% to 77% (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), and a few reported a higher recovery rate in special cases, such as permanent azoospermia after chemotherapy ( …”

Uniform Testicular Maturation Arrest: A Unique Subset of Men With Nonobstructive Azoospermia

“…From 1995 to 1997 a multibiopsy TESE approach was used. 13,14 Since 1997 microdissection TESE has been used in which seminiferous tubules are directly examined throughout the testis using an operating microscope and selectively biopsied. 15 If no spermatozoa were seen on evaluation of a dispersed testicular tissue specimen, then enzymatic dispersion of tissue with 0.1% collagenase for 1 hour and reexamination of the cellular suspension were performed.…”

Role of tissue digestion and extensive sperm search after microdissection testicular sperm extraction

“…The mechanical processing of testicular tissue samples in the operating room (OR) should involve cutting tissue samples and passing the resulting suspension through a fine angiocatheter (6). This dramatically (300Â) increases the yield of testicular sperm for intraoperative wet preparation analysis.…”