Men with nonobstructive azoospermia and hypogonadism often respond to hormonal therapy with an increase in testosterone levels, but neither baseline testosterone level nor response to hormonal therapy appears to affect overall sperm retrieval, clinical pregnancy or live birth rates.

We modeled a combination of well described preoperative clinical parameters to predict sperm retrieval using a neural computational system and nomogram with acceptable predictive values. The generalizability of these findings requires external validation.