Testicular microlithiasis in children: sonographic features and clinical implications

Leenen, Andreas; Riebel, T.

doi:10.1007/s00247-002-0724-5

Cited by 47 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In healthy men, this prevalence was found to be between 2.4 and 5.6% [21,22]. In children and adolescents referred for testicular US due to any scrotal problem, TM prevalence ranged between 1.1 and 2.0% [23,24,25]. To our knowledge, there are no reported studies investigating TM in patients with CAH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

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Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Males with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Its Association with Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors

et al. 2010

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Background: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is characterized by calcium deposits within the seminiferous tubules and is associated with benign and malign conditions. Aim: To determine TM prevalence in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and its association with testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART). Patients and Methods: Scrotal ultrasound using a high-frequency linear transducer (12 MHz) was performed in 41 patients aged 12.1 ± 4.7 (range 3.5–23.3) years and 49 healthy similarly aged controls. TM was classified with respect to the number of microliths per ultrasound field as limited (LTM, <5 microliths) and classic (CTM, ≧ 5 microliths). CTM was graded as grade 1 (5–10 microliths), grade 2 (11–20 microliths), and grade 3 (>20 microliths). Results: TM was detected bilaterally in 9 (21.9%) patients and 2 (4.1%) control cases (1 bilateral, 1 unilateral). Four patients had LTM, one evaluated as grade 1, one as grade 2, and three as grade 3. There were 9 patients with TART. Four patients had TM and TART concomitantly. Conclusion: Because TM is frequently found in patients with CAH and may also exist concomitantly with TART, we recommend that these patients be followed annually by testicular ultrasound.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Leenen and Riebel [24] detected a testicular tumor in 2 of 16 pediatric patients with TM. Whether this co-occurrence is a cause-and-effect phenomenon or totally coincidental is a controversial issue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Males with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Its Association with Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors

et al. 2010

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“…A number of studies have looked at the prevalence of TM; the largest of these studies are summarised in Table 1 [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. The reported prevalence of TM varies from 0.6% to 9%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testicular calcification and microlithiasis: association with primary intra-testicular malignancy in 3,477 patients

et al. 2006

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The prevalence of all forms of scrotal and testicular calcification and their association with testicular tumour in a symptomatic paediatric and adult population was investigated. A retrospective study of all testicular ultrasound examinations performed at a single centre over a 5-year period was undertaken. All studies were performed by experienced operators, recorded in a standard method, using high-frequency linear array transducers (> or =10 MHz). All available images (95.2%) were reviewed by experienced operators, recording the location and type of scrotal and testicular calcification according to a pre-determined schedule. A total of 3,854 studies were reviewed on 3,477 patients (age range: 1 month to 91 years). In the adult group, 3,279 examinations were analysed. Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) was 2.0%, and the prevalence of other non-microlithiasis testicular calcification (non-TM calcification) was 1.7%. Testicular tumour was associated with TM (odds ratio 9.5, P<0.001) and non-TM calcification (odds ratio 11.4, P<0.001) but not with other types of scrotal calcification. A total of 198 paediatric examinations were analysed. Prevalence of TM was 2.0% and the prevalence of non-TM calcification was 0.5%. One tumour (lymphoma) was identified, with no associated calcification. This study confirms the reported association between TM and testicular tumour and finds a previously unreported association between non-TM calcification and testicular tumour.

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“…However in presence of coexisting conditions, such as testicular torsion, cryptorchidism, malignancy, surgical treatment is warranted. [29][30] In our case, as there is high risk of malignancy in the intra-abdominal supernumerary testicle in future, so a decision of Orchiectomy taken along with orchidopexy and Dartos pouch for ipsilateral undescended testicle.…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 78%

A rare presentation: duplication of testis

Jatkar¹,

Deshpande²,

Madankar³

et al. 2014

Int Surg J

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Testicular microlithiasis in children: sonographic features and clinical implications

Abstract: The association with benign and malignant testicular tumours, as described in adults, also seems valid in the paediatric age group. Therefore, children with testicular microlithiasis should have clinical and US long-term follow-up.

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Males with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Its Association with Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors

Prevalence of Testicular Microlithiasis in Males with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia and Its Association with Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors

Testicular calcification and microlithiasis: association with primary intra-testicular malignancy in 3,477 patients

A rare presentation: duplication of testis

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