Testicular ischemia-reperfusion may alter micro-rheological parameters in laboratory rats

Abstract

Ischemia-reperfusion-caused hemorheological alterations have been widely studied but the effect of testicular ischemia-reperfusion has not so far. In this study 14 Sprague-Dawley rats were involved. In the ischemia-reperfusion group under general anaesthesia the left testis was explored by opening the scrotum then the deferent duct and vasculature were clamped for 30 minutes. Testicular microcirculation was monitored by laser Doppler flowmetry. The right testis was untouched. In the control group: only anaesthesia was induced. Blood sampling occurred before and after ischemia, at the 60th minute of reperfusion and on the 1st postoperative day for determining hematological parameters (microcell-counter), erythrocyte deformability (slit-flow ektacytometer) and erythrocyte aggregation (light-transmission aggregometer). After the last blood sampling, testicles were removed for histological examination. Hematological parameter changes reflected inflammatory response. Erythrocyte deformability showed a worsening already at the 60th minute of reperfusion compared to base and control values. By the 1st postoperative day further decrease was observed. Erythrocyte aggregation significantly enhanced with great magnitude versus base and control values (p < 0.001). However, conventional histological examinations did not show marked testicular injury. The experienced changes can attract attention to the testicular ischemia-reperfusion causing significant effects on hemorheological parameters, which can lead to further harmful microcirculatory consequences.

Morphological and microcirculatory evaluation of the rat testis after detorsion with or without a capsular release with a tunica vaginalis flap

“… 13 14 15 16 17 A previous study pointed out that these are changes after testicular ischemia-reperfusion causes significant effects on hemorheological parameters in the early postoperative period, and further lead to harmful microcirculatory consequences. 4 16 In our results, the hematological and micro-rheological parameters accompanied the acute phase reaction during the early postoperative period, and interestingly the erythrocyte aggregation decreased by the 8 th day. These changes do not show any remarkable different between DC and DA testes and suggest that intra-testicular compartment syndrome did not affect the appearance of hemorheological parameters.…”

“…The severity of ischemia depends on the duration of torsion, the degree of rotation of the spermatic cord 2 and according to recent published articles, also the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on intra-testicular pressure after detorsion plays an important role as well. 3 4 In clinical cases, when detorsion occur <6 h from the onset of symptoms, the testicular salvage rate is about 90%; this rate fell to 50% after 12 h and to <10% after 24 h. 5 …”

“… 8 did not find correlation between decreased intra-testicular pressure, histopathological and functional changes in a tunica albuginea decompression model in rat. Alterations of testicular microcirculation and micro-rheological parameters after prolonged testicular ischemia are also subject to substantial interest, 4 10 but correlations of these changes after testicular decompression has not been studied.…”

Predictive value of hematological parameters in testicular salvage: A 12-year retrospective review

“…Monocytes can also differentiate into dendritic cells or macrophages involved in the inflammatory response caused by testicular injury ( 22 , 24 ). Nemeth et al ( 25 ) examined the hematological parameters of rats after testicular ischemia-reperfusion, and observed that the white blood cell count and monocyte-granulocyte ratio increased significantly, and the monocyte-granulocyte ratio doubled on the first postoperative day. However, research on the mechanism of monocytes after testicular torsion is limited, and more studies are needed to verify the relationship between monocytes and testicular viability.…”

Quantitative Measurement of Erythrocyte Aggregation as a Systemic Inflammatory Marker by Ultrasound Imaging: A Systematic Review

“…Although most studies measured acute-phase reactants as an inflammatory marker, few reports (n = 4) assayed proinflammatory cytokines as an inflammatory marker and correlated them with erythrocyte aggregation (Bornstein 2009;Hovhannisyan and Hovhanessyan 2009;Shenhar-Tsarfaty et al 2008;Wang et al 2013). In only 2 studies were histologic examinations of the tissue performed to find evidence of inflammation (Brath et al 2010;Nemeth et al 2014). The influence of acute-phase proteins on erythrocyte aggregation was also evaluated in vitro (Brust et al 2014;Weng et al 1996).…”