Testicular cancer: Management challenges in an African developing country

Ugwumba, Fred O; Aghaji, AE

doi:10.7196/samj.3871

Cited by 21 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…These increasing trends in mortality in countries lacking well-established health care systems often occur as a result of late diagnosis and delayed referral and treatment 30. Developed countries with specialized centers have pioneered a multidisciplinary approach to cancer care, collaborating improvements in tumor staging, systemic treatment, and surgery 8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer

Shanmugalingam¹,

Soultati²,

Chowdhury³

et al. 2013

CLEP

117

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BackgroundTesticular cancer is a rare tumor type accounting for 1% of malignancies in men. It is, however, the most common cancer in young men in Western populations. The incidence of testicular cancer is increasing globally, although a decline in mortality rates has been reported in Western countries. It is important to identify whether the variations in trends observed between populations are linked to genetic or environmental factors.MethodsAge-standardized incidence rates and age-standardized mortality rates for testicular cancer were obtained for men of all ages in ten countries from the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania using the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5plus) and World Health Organization (WHO) mortality databases. The annual percent change was calculated using Joinpoint regression to assess temporal changes between geographical regions.ResultsTesticular cancer age-standardized incidence rates are highest in New Zealand (7.8), UK (6.3), Australia (6.1), Sweden (5.6), USA (5.2), Poland (4.9), and Spain (3.8) per 100,000 men. India, China, and Colombia had the lowest incidence (0.5, 1.3, and 2.2, respectively) per 100,000 men. The annual percent changes for overall testicular cancer incidence significantly increased in the European countries Sweden 2.4%, (2.2; 2.6); UK 2.9%, (2.2; 3.6); and Spain 5.0%, (1.7; 8.4), Australia 3.0%, (2.2; 3.7), and China 3.5%, (1.9; 5.1). India had the lowest overall testicular cancer incidence −1.7%, (−2.5; −0.8). Annual percent changes for overall testicular cancer mortality rates were decreasing in all study populations, with the greatest decline observed in Sweden −4.2%, (−4.8; −3.6) and China −4.9%, (−6.5; −3.3).ConclusionTesticular cancer is increasing in incidence in many countries; however, mortality rates remain low and most men are cured. An understanding of the risks and long-term side effects of treatment are important in managing men with this disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer

Shanmugalingam¹,

Soultati²,

Chowdhury³

et al. 2013

CLEP

117

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“…The publications from Nigeria and Tanzania utilized the Royal Marsden Staging System with an average of 36.2% of patients presenting with stage IV testicular cancer. Germ Cell Tumor accounted for 84.2% of all 11,12,15 The average 5-year survival was 34.3% from four reviews. [10][11][12]15 Discussion and Recommendation…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over an average of 15.8 years, 256 patients were management for TC from 8 publications in the Sub-Saharan region. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] These were all retrospective studies with some limitations in diagnostic imaging, staging and treatment protocols. However, based on the AUA, EAU, CUA, NCCN guidelines, 1,3,8 major recommendations were summarized against the available publications in the region.…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A publication by Kane et al 11 from Senegal involving 17 patients over 15 years reported full clinical staging with the use of trans-scrotal ultrasound, abdominopelvic CT-scan and serum tumor marker thus the TNM-S. Most other studies in the review from the Sub-Saharan region were limited by either the study design, the absence of CT-scan 12,15 or serum tumor marker testing. 13,14,16,17 As a result, the Royal Marsden Staging system was used by two studies 12,15 with the aid of abdomino-scrotal ultrasound while other studies did not report a staging method.…”

Section: Evidence Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

<p>Review of Testicular Tumor: Diagnostic Approach and Management Outcome in Africa</p>

Cassell¹,

Jalloh²,

Yunusa³

et al. 2020

RRU

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Testicular cancer is a common malignancy in young males with higher incidence in developed nations but with the lowest incidence in Africa (0.3-0.6/100 000). Ironically, the global testicular cancer mortality rate has shown a reverse trend to its incidence with higher rates in low-and middle-income countries (0.5 per 100 000) than in high-income countries. Data from GLOBOCAN 2008 have shown relatively high mortality rates in sub-Saharan countries like Mali, Ethiopia, Niger and Malawi. The prognosis of testicular tumor is good with remarkable chemosensitivity to cisplatin-based regimen. Early diagnosis, careful staging and a multidisciplinary management approach is crucial to achieve this optimal result. These results are achievable in the sub-Saharan region if the relevant resources are appropriated for cancer care and clinical guidelines are formulated in a regional context.

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“…It was estimated that 25% of TC susceptibility account for by genetic effects (Turnbull and Rahman, 2011). If TCs are quite rare in African men, the morbidity and mortality of TC is quite high in developing countries (Ugwumba and Aghaji, 2010). These data highlight the impact of poverty and paucity of resources to detect and treat cancers.…”

Section: Testicular Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic: a molecular link between testicular cancer and environmental exposures

Véga¹,

Baptissart²,

Caira³

et al. 2012

Front. Endocrin.

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In the last decades, studies in rodents have highlighted links between in utero and/or neonatal exposures to molecules that alter endocrine functions and the development of genital tract abnormalities, such as cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and impaired spermatogenesis. Most of these molecules, called endocrine disrupters exert estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic activities. These data led to the hypothesis of the testicular dysgenesis syndrome which postulates that these disorders are one clinical entity and are linked by epidemiological and pathophysiological relations. Furthermore, infertility has been stated as a risk factor for testicular cancer (TC). The incidence of TC has been increasing over the past decade. Most of testicular germ cell cancers develop through a pre-invasive carcinoma in situ from fetal germ cells (primordial germ cell or gonocyte). During their development, fetal germ cells undergo epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, several lines of evidence have shown that gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms (DNA and histone modifications) plays an important role in normal development as well as in various diseases, including TC. Here we will review chromatin modifications which can affect testicular physiology leading to the development of TC; and highlight potential molecular pathways involved in these alterations in the context of environmental exposures.

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Testicular cancer: Management challenges in an African developing country

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer

Global incidence and outcome of testicular cancer

<p>Review of Testicular Tumor: Diagnostic Approach and Management Outcome in Africa</p>

Epigenetic: a molecular link between testicular cancer and environmental exposures

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