Test procedure with four-point loading

Gogotsi, G. A.; Galenko, V. I.; Zavada, V. P.

doi:10.1007/bf00762714

Strength Mater

1981

DOI: 10.1007/bf00762714

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Test procedure with four-point loading

G. A. Gogotsi

V. I. Galenko

V. P. Zavada

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1986

1988

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Cited by 2 publications

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“…It has special supports with distances of 50 and 30 mm between the internal points of application of the loads, and i00 and 60 mm between the loads. These supports are different from those described in [2,5] in that the rollers i transmitting the force onto the specimen 2 are arranged on the plates (in Fig. I not shown) which can be rotated around cylindrical rods coaxial with the specimen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Treatment of the bending test results was carried out using the method in [2][3][4][5] considering the nonlinearity of the deformation diagrams and the capacity of brittle materials to resist tensile and compressive forces in different ways.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental investigations of the strength properties of corundum concretes were carried out on equipment at IPP AN UkSSR using the methods stated in [2][3][4][5].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Strength of corundum concretes

Usatikov¹,

Gal'chenko²,

Karaulov³

et al. 1986

Refractories

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Accelerating production processes with the use of heating equipment that operates under the action of various corrosive agents requires the development of refractory materials that will provide effective and reliable operation. Increased demands are placed on the refractory linings under such conditions. In particular, the refractories should possess a high strength, which is one of the decisive criteria of the working capacity of the heating plant during prolonged operation.The Ukrainian Institute has developed highly refractory, volume-constant corundum concretes [i] which can be recommended for unfired, monolithic linings in various high-temperature units working in reducing, neutral, and oxidizing gaseous atmospheres at service temperatures of 1800-1900~Studies carried out at IPP AN UkSSR showed [2-6] that ceramics and refractories are classified with the nonlinear-elastic systems.This agrees with data in [7][8][9]. In particular, from the results given in [8,9] it follows that ignoring the nonlinearity of the diagrams during their treatment leads to considerable errors in determining the strength.Experimental investigations of the strength properties of corundum concretes were carried out on equipment at IPP AN UkSSR using the methods stated in [2][3][4][5].The specimens were tested according to the four-point bending scheme on equipment designed on the basis of the RM-101M rupture machine.The arrangement of the equipment is shown in Fig. 1. It has special supports with distances of 50 and 30 mm between the internal points of application of the loads, and i00 and 60 mm between the loads. These supports are different from those described in [2,5] in that the rollers i transmitting the force onto the specimen 2 are arranged on the plates (in Fig. I not shown) which can be rotated around cylindrical rods coaxial with the specimen.Electromagnets are used to fix the initial position of the rollers. A rigid plate dynamometer 3 is built into the support~ and the deformations of this are measured with strain gauges, and the bending meter 4, designed on the basis of the small inductive displacement sensor which was designed in IPP AN UkSSR, is built into the support.As a result of improvements made to the metering circuit it is possible to register, on two-coordinate potentiometers, the deformation diagrams not only with the use of the strain gauges (P--a, see Fig. I) glued to the specimen in the compression zone 5 and in the tension zone 6, but also with the aid of the bending meter 4 (P--~, see Fig. 1).In order to study the acoustic emission (AE), diagnosing the development in the specimens of cracks during deformation, use is made of a special instrument [6]; and we developed a metering-information system which ensures the measurement in a stated range of frequencies of the parameters of acoustic emission (total number of impulses, their intensity, amplitude, and the number of elementary events --acts of acoustic emission); in addition, a synchronized signal is transmitted to one of the channels about the change i...

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mentioning

confidence: 97%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strength of corundum concretes

Usatikov¹,

Gal'chenko²,

Karaulov³

et al. 1986

Refractories

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“…The specimens of the corundum concretes were subjected to the four-point bend test [14]. The modulus of elasticity, the magnitude of the limiting strain (maximum deformation), and the brittleness index were determined using the experimental deformation diagrams of the concretes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We carried out studies on the criterional evaluation of the thermal destruction of the corundum concretes exhibiting constancy of volume [i0] using the previously described apparatus and according to the developed procedures [11][12][13][14] taking into account the specific features of deformation of these materials during loading.…”

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confidence: 99%

Critierional evaluation of thermal destruction of corundum concretes

et al. 1988

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Evaluation of thermal destruction of refractories has been a subject of numerous studies [1][2][3][4]. However, there are very few investigations giving comparative data on the thermal destruction process of fired [5][6][7][8][9] and unfired [5,9] refractory materials and in the case of unfired high-refractory concretes, such data are not available.During service, refractory materials are usually subjected to the action of variable thermal loads. If the destruction of the refractories starts prior to the attainment of the stationary themal condition (steady-state), the process of crack growth consumes not only the potential energy of deformation that is associated with the heterogeneity of the material, but also the energy of thermoelastic stresses developed due to the presence of a temperature gradient within the body being heated.However, until the present time, comparative studies of thermal shock resistance have been carried out with respect to the experimentally determined thermal, physical, and mechanical characteristics of the materials subjected to thermal loads. The concepts of fracture mechanics are also used [2] for determining the ability of the material to resist the growth of thermal cracks.A significant shortcoming of these criteria of thermal shock resistance is that they refer to the linear-elastic materials whose brittleness index X is equal to unity.In practice, thermal shock resistance is determined in the thermal shock regime according to GOST 7875-83, i.e., by maintaining the conditions under which destruction of a refractory specimen occurs mainly due to the elastic energy accumulated in it as a result of rapid thermal deformation during the period of fast cooling (quenching). In reality, such conditions are rarely encountered.During service, unfired refractory concretes experience differential heating across the thickness and the maximum temperature leads to the formation (forming) of the working layer of the lining with insignificant structural changes in the nonworking (inoperative) region. Consequently, the working portion of the lining is subjected to thermal shock during the process of heating and evolution of a strong structure.We carried out studies on the criterional evaluation of the thermal destruction of the corundum concretes exhibiting constancy of volume [i0] using the previously described apparatus and according to the developed procedures [11][12][13][14] taking into account the specific features of deformation of these materials during loading.In the case of nonlinearly deforming materials (0 < X < I), we used the experimentally measured strains for evaluating (calculating) the criteria of thermal shock resistance that characterize the resistance of the material to crack nucleation; the magnitude of the elastic energy accumulated up to the beginning of the destruction of the material was used for evaluating the criteria characterizing the fracture resistance. The effect of the structural features of the concretes on their resistance to thermal destruction was studied on th...

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Test procedure with four-point loading

Cited by 2 publications

References 5 publications

Strength of corundum concretes

Strength of corundum concretes

Critierional evaluation of thermal destruction of corundum concretes

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