Test of Simonds′ method in factor analysis by digital simulation models

Protonation Equilibrium of 4-Substituted Benzohydroxamic Acids in Mineral Acids

“…Experimental studies usually rely on indirect methods like changes in NMR chemical shifts, UV or IR spectral changes, etc. However, difficulties derived from the failure of the analytical technique or of data treatment procedures have led in the past to a good deal of confusion and a spread of values for the protonation parameters of typical carbonyl compounds such as aromatic ketones, amides, , esters, and anilides, etc.…”

Solvated proton as the main reagent and a catalyst in the single-stage aromatic sulfonation and protodesulfonation of sulfonic acids

“…This makes difficult to use them to identify acid catalyzed reactions, especially for reactions in which the solvated proton acts simultaneously as both the catalyst and reagent. The situation is saved by the following circumstance that is empirically observable: all scales of logarithmic acidity are practically linear in relation to one another, ie, Н о = β·Ноi . This should be reflected in practice because the macroreagent, ie, the acidic medium, should manifest itself in different ways on the micro level.…”

“…Detailed overviews of the Н о values and acidity functions that are based on other indicators for various acidic systems are given in other works, the temperature dependence of Н о for sulfuric acid solutions has been studied in Gelbshtein et al and Liler, and the Н о of acid‐salt media and “mixed systems” (mixtures of mineral acids with solvents) are in previous studies . However, as it is justly stated in Uchnevich et al and Ostrovsky and Koldobsky, the introduction of a number of new acidity functions has not led to the establishment of a common view point; on the contrary, it introduced uncertainty into the concept of acidity.…”

“…In aqueous sulfuric acid, the ionization ratios of 165 different organic compounds that were protonated on the N, O, C, and S atoms were analyzed. The Х scale has been widely used for calculating pK ВН + for various groups of bases and for analyzing kinetics data for the interpretation of mechanisms of various reactions …”

“…Aqueous sulfuric acid solutions are used as media for various catalytic reactions and also for quantitative measurement of the basicity of compounds . Such essential processes as electrophilic substitution in the aromatic ring, etherification, molecular regrouping, and isomerization are performed in a medium of concentrated or water‐free sulfuric acid or even oleum.…”