Territorial Rule in Colombia and the Transformation of the Llanos Orientales

Bodyweight performance, estimated carcass traits and methane emissions of beef-cattle categories grazing Andropogon gayanus, Melinis minutiflora and Stylosanthes capitata mixed swards and Brachiaria humidicola pasture

“…Rainfall in the eco-region ranges between 2,000 and 2,400 mm, and turns the rangelands into temporal wetlands from April to October (Navas-Ríos 1999). This natural system has favored a rich biodiversity kept in national parks (Hoogesteijn and Chapman 1997;Rausch 2013), and has promoted the development of ecosystem services and primary industries such as fisheries, forestry, agriculture and beef production enterprises (Navas-Ríos 1999).…”

Complementary use of neotropical savanna and grass-legume pastures for early weaning and effects on growth and metabolic status of weaners and inter-calving intervals of dams

“…These changes would significantly impact management decisions (Sullivan et al 1997). The savannas of the Orinoco watershed are under transition as represented by: (i) increase in crop and tree plantation areas; (ii) oil exploration and extraction; (iii) mining; (iv) growing recognition of indigenous rights and lands; (v) and increasing appreciation of the savanna's relevance in terms of biodiversity and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (Rausch 2013;CONPES 2014). This transition has been also noted in the Australian savannas (Holmes 2010).…”

“…On areas closest to roads in the Plains, beef breeding herds have been replaced by yearlings brought in from the surrounding area for fattening, interspersed with crops and plantations (Romero-Ruiz et al 2012;Huertas-Ramírez and Huertas-Herrera 2015). The cattle population of the region is estimated at 4.7 M head (DANE 2016), largely supported by native savannas that still constitute the main land use in the rest of the area, mainly dedicated to extensive beef breeding herds (Rausch 2013;Huertas-Ramírez and Huertas-Herrera 2015). The latter are low input-low output systems, frequently constrained by limited access, physiographic and water limitations, low soil fertility and often shallow soils that limit intensification (Seré and Vera 1983).…”

“…The latter include small valleys suitable for cropping, surrounded by pronounced slopes that have shallow, stony soils. By 2007, 23% of the Plains had been converted to crops, sown pastures, palm oil plantations (Romero-Ruiz et al 2012;Rausch 2013) and a variety of tree plantations and reforested areas amounting to close to 100,000 ha (MADR 2015). Palm oil plantations have experienced a significant and ongoing increase in the savannas, and have reached 112,186 ha (FEDEPALMA 2015), including large areas in the Andean foothills.…”

Los efectos de la dinámica social sobre el crecimiento económico : aplicación al departamento del Meta (Colombia).

“…Éste departamento es el cuarto en extensión territorial nacional (85.635 km 2 ) y el mayormente poblado en el conjunto de la Orinoquia, en 2015 su población fue 961.334 habitantes (Figura 2), que en equivalencia represento el 2% de la población colombiana y sobre la que sostiene una tasa de crecimiento poblacional en niveles superiores (Figura 3). En los años cuarenta y durante el periodo denominado como la violencia (1946)(1947)(1948)(1949)(1950)(1951)(1952)(1953), la región de la Orinoquia fue receptora de grandes masas de población provenientes de otras regiones de Colombia, que huyeron de las persecuciones y amenazas, ejercidas en su contra (Rausch, 2013), asentándose principalmente en zonas de tierras baldías, que hasta aquel entonces albergaban escasa población, pasando a poblar el territorio y crear centros poblados.…”