Terrestrial laser scanning as a tool for assessing tree growth

Sheppard, Jonathan; Morhart, Christopher; Hackenberg, Jan; Spiecker, Heinrich

doi:10.3832/ifor2138-009

Cited by 29 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The color red refers to a bad match, while the color green is considered a good match. The good matches show a clear increasing trend, quantification and discussion are performed in Sheppard et al [97]. …”

Section: The Benefit Of Qsmsmentioning

confidence: 92%

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SimpleTree —An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds

Hackenberg

Spiecker

Calders

et al. 2015

Forests

266

260

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An open source tool named SimpleTree, capable of modelling highly accurate cylindrical tree models from terrestrial laser scan point clouds, is presented and evaluated. All important functionalities, accessible in the software via buttons and dialogues, are described including the explanation of all necessary input parameters. The method is validated utilizing 101 point clouds of six different tree species, in the main evergreen and coniferous trees. All scanned trees have been destructively harvested to get accurate estimates of above ground biomass with which we assess the accuracy of the SimpleTree-reconstructed cylinder models. The trees were grouped into four data sets and for each one a Concordance Correlation Coefficient of at least 0. 92 (0.92, 0.97, 0.92, 0.94) and an total relative error at most ∼ 8 % (2.42%, 3.59%, -4.59%, 8.27%) was achieved in the comparison of the model results to the ground truth data. A global statistical improvement of derived cylinder radii is presented as well as an efficient optimization approach to Forests 2015, 6 4246 automatically improve user given input parameters. An additional check of the SimpleTree results is presented via comparison to the results of trees reconstructed using an alternative, published method.

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Section: The Benefit Of Qsmsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…A time series analysis utilizing SimpleTree is in preparation by Sheppard et al [97]. Clouds of several Prunus avium were transformed into the same coordinate system with the ICP functionality.…”

Section: The Benefit Of Qsmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SimpleTree —An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds

Hackenberg

Spiecker

Calders

et al. 2015

Forests

266

260

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This is promising for their use in wider ecological applications such as treegrowth analysis (Sheppard et al 2016) or long-term forest biodiversity experiments were non-destructive measurements are essential (Li et al 2014). The use of voxelbased methods should be favored when only the total tree volume has to be estimated, as these methods are easy to use and yield robust results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of wood volume estimates of young trees from terrestrial laser scan data

Kunz¹,

Hess²,

Raumonen³

et al. 2017

iForest

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Many analyses in ecology and forestry require wood volume estimates of trees. However, non-destructive measurements are not straightforward because trees are differing in their three-dimensional structures and shapes. In this paper we compared three methods (one voxel-based and two cylinder-based methods) for wood volume calculation of trees from point clouds obtained by terrestrial laser scanning. We analysed a total of 24 young trees, composed of four different species ranging between 1.79 m to 7.96 m in height, comparing the derived volume estimates from the point clouds with xylometric reference volumes for each tree. We found that both voxel-and cylinder-based approaches are able to compute wood volumes with an average accuracy above 90% when compared to reference volumes. The best results were achieved with the voxel-based method (r 2 = 0.98). Cylinder-model based methods (r 2 = 0.90 and 0.92 respectively) did perform slightly less well but offer valuable additional opportunities to analyse structural parameters for each tree. We found that the error of volume estimates from point clouds are strongly species-specific. Therefore, species-specific parameter sets for point-cloud based wood volume estimation methods are required for more robust estimates across a number of tree species.

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“…Furthermore, the effect size was calculated to show the magnitude of the difference between the conventional measurements and estimations from the terrestrial SfM photogrammetry of the perimeters and annual increments. We used Cohen's d effect size [35] and expanded the scale of magnitude: very small-0.01, small-0.20, medium-0.50, large-0.80, very large-1.20, huge-2.0 [36].…”

Section: Results Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect sizes between the estimation errors of the before-and after-vegetation season datasets of each tree species were calculated and separated into categories based on [36]. The effect size of spruce was very small (0.019), those of beech and fir were small (0.284 and 0.482), while that of oak was very large (1.240).…”

Section: Perimeter Estimation Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-destructive monitoring of annual trunk increments by terrestrial structure from motion photogrammetry

et al. 2020

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Annual trunk increments are essential for short-term analyses of the response of trees to various factors. For instance, based on annual trunk increments, it is possible to develop and calibrate forest growth models. We investigated the possibility of estimating annual trunk increments from the terrestrial structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry. Obtaining the annual trunk increments of mature trees is challenging due to the relatively small growth of trunks within one year. In our experiment, annual trunk increments were obtained by two conventional methods: measuring tape (perimeter increment) at heights of 0.8, 1.3, and 1.8 m on the trunk and increment borer (diameter increment) at a height of 1.3 m on the trunk. The following tree species were investigated: Fagus sylvatica L. (beech), Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (oak), Picea abies (L.) H. Karst (spruce), and Abies alba Mill (fir). The annual trunk increments ranged from 0.9 cm to 2.4 cm (tape/perimeter) and from 0.7 mm to 3.1 mm (borer/diameter). The data were collected before-and after-vegetation season, besides the data collection increment borer. When the estimated perimeters from the terrestrial SfM photogrammetry were compared to those obtained using the measuring tape, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 0.25-1.33 cm. The relative RMSE did not exceed 1% for all tree species. No statistically significant differences were found between the annual trunk increments obtained using the measuring tape and terrestrial SfM photogrammetry for beech, spruce, and fir. Only in the case of oak, the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the annual trunk increments collected using the increment borer and those derived from terrestrial SfM photogrammetry was positive and equal to 0.6501. Terrestrial SfM photogrammetry is a hardware low-demanding technique that provides accurate three-dimensional data that can, based on our results, even detect small temporal tree trunk changes.

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Terrestrial laser scanning as a tool for assessing tree growth

Cited by 29 publications

References 35 publications

SimpleTree —An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds

SimpleTree —An Efficient Open Source Tool to Build Tree Models from TLS Clouds

Comparison of wood volume estimates of young trees from terrestrial laser scan data

Non-destructive monitoring of annual trunk increments by terrestrial structure from motion photogrammetry

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