Terpenoid, acetone and aldehyde emissions from Norway spruce

Abstract

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> We present spring and summer volatile organic compound (VOC) emission rate measurements from Norway spruce (<i>Picea abies</i> L. Karst) growing in a boreal forest in southern Finland. The measurements were conducted using in situ gas-chromatograph with 1 to 2-hour time resolution. The measurements cover altogether 14 weeks in years 2011, 2014 and 2015. Monoterpene (MT) and sesquiterpene (SQT) emission rates were measured all the time, but isoprene only in 2014 and 2015 and acetone and C<sub>4</sub>-C<sub>10</sub> aldehydes only in 2015. The emission rates of all the compounds were low in spring, but MT, acetone and C<sub>4</sub>-C<sub>10</sub> aldehydes emission rates increased as summer proceeded, reaching maximum emission rates in July. Late summer means were 29, 17 and 33 ng g(dw)<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> for MTs, acetone and aldehydes respectively. SQT emission rates increased during the summer and highest emissions were measured late summer (late summer mean 84 ng g(dw)<sup>−1</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) concomitant with highest linalool emissions. The between-tree variability of emission pattern was studied by measuring seven different trees during the same afternoon using adsorbent tubes. Especially the contributions of limonene, terpinolene and camphene were found to vary between trees, whereas proportions of α- and β-pinene were more stable. SQT emissions contributed more than 90 % of the ozone reactivity most of the time, and about 70 % of OH reactivity during late summer. The contribution of aldehydes was comparable to the OH reactivity of MT during late summer, 10 %–30 % most of the time.</p>

Long-term dynamics of monoterpene synthase activities, monoterpene storage pools and emissions in boreal Scots pine

“…Moreover, individual pine and spruce trees produce and emit conspicuous, tree-specific monoterpene blends (Schönwitz et al 1990a;Bäck et al, 2012;Hakola et al, 2017).…”

High variations of BVOC emissions from Norway spruce in boreal forests

“…For example, Bäck et al (2012) showed that Scots pine trees of the same age, growing in the same environment, emit very different monoterpene selections. This has also been found to be true in the emissions of Norway spruce (Hakola et al, 2017). When considering the atmospheric impact of biogenic emissions, it is essential to know the speciesspecific composition of the emission, because for example atmospheric reactivity and aerosol formation potential of different compounds varies a lot (e.g.…”

“…The data include earlier measurements from 2011, 2014 and 2015 that has been published in Hakola et al (2017) and new measurements from 2019 and 2021. In 2021, the measurements covered two different trees.…”

“…The emission measurement setup used in these campaigns has been described in detail previously in e.g. Hakola et al (2017). Briefly, the measurements used a branch enclosure consisting of a ca.…”

“…Especially ISOP and MT have been studied quite intensively during past decades in boreal areas and MTs have been found to dominate ISOP emissions (e.g., Artaxo et al, 2022;Rinne et al, 2009). There are much more studies on MT and ISOP emissions than SQTs in the boreal area and the few existing studies show that SQT emissions can be substantial (e.g., Bourtsoukidis et al, 2014 a,b;Hakola et al, 2001Hakola et al, , 2006Hakola et al, , 2017Hellén et al, 2020Hellén et al, , 2021Schallhart et al, 2018). SQT emissions, especially β-farnesene, are often related to biotic stresses and therefore the emissions can be highly variable depending on the stress factors (Petterson, 2007;Kännaste et al, 2008;Niinemets, 2010;Joutsensaari et al, 2015;Matsui and Koeduka, 2016).…”