“…Comprehensive scientific models should likewise help to refine clinical approaches to experiencers in these contexts. Accordingly, cross-disciplinary research per se might be insufficient for advancing knowledge in this area without also applying a systems (i.e., biopsychosocial or enactive) theory of spirituality and associated experiences (e.g., Fisher, 2011;Laythe et al, 2021;Maraldi & Krippner, 2013;Pace, 2017;Plante et al, 2023;Seligman & Kirmayer, 2008;Van Leeuwen & van Elk, 2019). This view seeks to explain and develop hypotheses around emergent behavior, that is, when a complex system has characteristics that its components do not display on their own.…”