Tendons and Ligament Tissue Engineering

Goulet, Francine; Auger, François A.; Cloutier, Réjean; Lamontagne, Jean; Simon, Franck; Chabaud, Stéphane; Germain, Lucie; Hart, David A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-398358-9.00059-8

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The challenge of the innovative three-dimensional scaffolds, suitable for tendon and ligament regeneration, is to strictly reproduce the native tissue mechanical properties and hierarchical morphology (Kuo et al, 2010;Goulet et al, 2014;Cheng et al, 2015;Alshomer et al, 2018). The morphological arrangement of the scaffold is fundamental to correctly drive cell proliferation and growth, during collagen extracellular matrix regeneration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical electrospun tendon‐ligament bioinspired scaffolds induce changes in fibroblasts morphology under static and dynamic conditions

Sensini

Cristofolini

Zucchelli

et al. 2019

Journal of Microscopy

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Summary The regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging because the scaffolds needs proper mechanical properties and a biomimetic morphology. In particular, the morphological arrangement of scaffolds is a key point to drive the cells growth to properly regenerate the collagen extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce hierarchically structured nanofibrous scaffolds able to guide cells in the regeneration of the injured tissue. Moreover, the dynamic stretching in bioreactors of electrospun scaffolds had demonstrated to speed up cell shape modifications in vitro. The aim of the present study was to combine different imaging techniques such as high‐resolution X‐ray tomography (XCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence microscopy and histology to investigate if hierarchically structured poly (L‐lactic acid) and collagen electrospun scaffolds can induce morphological modifications in human fibroblasts, while cultured in static and dynamic conditions. After 7 days of parallel cultures, the results assessed that fibroblasts had proliferated on the external nanofibrous sheath of the static scaffolds, elongating themselves circumferentially. The dynamic cultures revealed a preferential axial orientation of fibroblasts growth on the external sheath. The aligned nanofibre bundles inside the hierarchical scaffolds instead, allowed a physiological distribution of the fibroblasts along the nanofibre direction. Inside the dynamic scaffolds, cells appeared thinner compared with the static counterpart. This study had demonstrated that hierarchically structured electrospun scaffolds can induce different fibroblasts morphological modifications during static and dynamic conditions, modifying their shape in the direction of the applied loads. Lay Description To enhance the regeneration of injured tendons and ligaments cells need to growth on dedicated structures (scaffolds) with mechanical properties and a fibrous morphology similar to the natural tissue. In particular, the morphological organisation of scaffolds is fundamental in leading cells to colonise them, regenerating the collagen extracellular matrix. Electrospinning is a promising technique to produce fibres with a similar to the human collagen fibres, suitable to design complex scaffolds able to guide cells in the reconstruction of the natural tissue. Moreover, it is well established that the cyclic stretching of these scaffolds inside dedicated systems called bioreactors, can speed up cells growth and their shape modification. The aim of the present study was to investigate how hierarchically structured electrospun scaffolds, made of resorbable material such as poly(L‐lactic acid) and collagen, could induce morphological changes in human fibroblasts, while cultured during static and dynamic conditions. These scaffolds were composed by an external electrospun membrane that grouped inside it a ring‐shaped bundle, made of axially aligned nanofibres, resembling the morphological arrangement of tendon and ligament tis...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical electrospun tendon‐ligament bioinspired scaffolds induce changes in fibroblasts morphology under static and dynamic conditions

Sensini

Cristofolini

Zucchelli

et al. 2019

Journal of Microscopy

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“…To achieve the best approximate tissue engineered construct for specific applications will likely require the involvement of a relevant biomechanical stimulus during its preparation. Certainly, applying tensile loading to a tissue engineered ligament construct as it is being developed enhances the mechanical integrity of the resultant tissue (Hart et al, 2005;Goulet et al, 2011Goulet et al, , 2014, and potentially, its improved in vivo functioning. Depending on the application, the approach of exposing the constructs to mechanical loading may initially require a deformable scaffold or matrix that eventually becomes a composite of molecules secreted by the cells intercalated with the original scaffold as the construct matures (discussed in Hess et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Way Forwardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective: Challenges Presented for Regeneration of Heterogeneous Musculoskeletal Tissues that Normally Develop in Unique Biomechanical Environments

Hart

Nakamura

Shrive

2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Perspective: Musculoskeletal (MSK) tissues such as articular cartilage, menisci, tendons, and ligaments are often injured throughout life as a consequence of accidents. Joints can also become compromised due to the presence of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, there is a need to develop regenerative approaches to address such injuries to heterogeneous tissues and ones that occur in heterogeneous environments. Such injuries can compromise both the biomechanical integrity and functional capability of these tissues. Thus, there are several challenges to overcome in order to enhance success of efforts to repair and regenerate damaged MSK tissues.Challenges: 1. MSK tissues arise during development in very different biological and biomechanical environments. These early tissues serve as a template to address the biomechanical requirements evolving during growth and maturation towards skeletal maturity. Many of these tissues are heterogeneous and have transition points in their matrix. The heterogeneity of environments thus presents a challenge to replicate with regard to both the cells and the ECM. 2. Growth and maturation of musculoskeletal tissues occurs in the presence of anabolic mediators such as growth hormone and the IGF-1 family of proteins which decline with age and are low when there is a greater need for the repair and regeneration of injured or damaged tissues with advancing age. Thus, there is the challenge of re-creating an anabolic environment to enhance incorporation of implanted constructs. 3. The environments associated with injury or chronic degeneration of tissues are often catabolic or inflammatory. Thus, there is the challenge of creating a more favorable in vivo environment to facilitate the successful implantation of in vitro engineered constructs to regenerate damaged tissues.Conclusions: The goal of regenerating MSK tissues has to be to meet not only the biological requirements (components and structure) but also the heterogeneity of function (biomechanics) in vivo. Furthermore, for many of these tissues, the regenerative approach has to overcome the site of injury being influenced by catabolism/inflammation. Attempts to date using both endogenous cells, exogenous cells and scaffolds of various types have been limited in achieving long term outcomes, but progress is being made.

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Biopolymers in Regenerative Medicine: Overview, Current Advances, and Future Trends

Behrens

Ruder

2020

Biopolymers for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

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Tendons and Ligament Tissue Engineering

Cited by 4 publications

References 71 publications

Hierarchical electrospun tendon‐ligament bioinspired scaffolds induce changes in fibroblasts morphology under static and dynamic conditions

Hierarchical electrospun tendon‐ligament bioinspired scaffolds induce changes in fibroblasts morphology under static and dynamic conditions

Perspective: Challenges Presented for Regeneration of Heterogeneous Musculoskeletal Tissues that Normally Develop in Unique Biomechanical Environments

Biopolymers in Regenerative Medicine: Overview, Current Advances, and Future Trends

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