Ten-Year Analysis of Pathogenic Factors and Etiological Characteristics of Endophthalmitis from a Tertiary Eye Center in North China

Abstract

Purpose To describe the etiology and spectrum of isolated pathogens in endophthalmitis over 10 years from an ophthalmic hospital in North China and report their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Patients and Methods The data covered the patients with endophthalmitis treated at Qingdao Eye Hospital from January 2011 to December 2020. Patients’ medical history, pathogenic factors, bacterial and fungal culture results of intraocular specimens, and in vitro drug sensitivity test results were assessed. Results A total of 524 cases were counted in this study. Exogenous endophthalmitis was the main component, accounting for 94.66%, of which 49.62% of eyes had a history of ophthalmic trauma, intraocular surgery in 26.72% and suppurative keratitis in 17.37%. By comparison, endogenous endophthalmitis was found in only 5.34% of eyes. Among the 292 strains of pathogenic organisms obtained by co-culture, gram-positive bacteria accounted for 64.04%, with Staphylococcus epidermidis as the predominant pathogen (29.45%). Gram-positive cocci were identified in 76.77% of eyes with traumatic endophthalmitis, while 53.70% of keratitis-associated endophthalmitis was caused by fungi. The high susceptibility of bacteria to vancomycin (77.78%~98.33%) supported its continued use as empirical treatment. Among the fluoroquinolones, gram-positive cocci showed a higher susceptibility to gatifloxacin (94.83%), while there was a significant decrease to levofloxacin (51.67%). Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive to cephalosporins (45.95%~66.67%) than fluoroquinolones (68.42%~78.05%) and aminoglycosides (75.00%~78.05%). Fungal susceptibilities to voriconazole and amphotericin B were 90.16% and 70.31% respectively. More than half of the 11 antibiotics were observed to exhibit a trend of reduced susceptibility. Conclusion Ophthalmic trauma was the primary pathogenic factor of endophthalmitis. Gram-positive cocci were the most common pathogens of traumatic and postoperative endophthalmitis, while suppurative keratitis-associated endophthalmitis often resulted from fungal pathogens. Levofloxacin as the preferred antibiotic in the perioperative period and cephalosporin as the first-line drug for the treatment of empiric endophthalmitis need to be vigilant.

The impact of oxygen content on Staphylococcus epidermidis pathogenesis in ocular infection based on clinical characteristics, transcriptome and metabolome analysis

“…Approximately half of the ocular infection cases (48.21%) were attributable to open trauma, predominantly among male patients. This aligns with Qing L et al’s findings that posttraumatic endophthalmitis accounted for 49.62% of infectious endophthalmitis cases at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center ( Liu M. et al, 2022 ; Liu Q. et al, 2022 ). Ocular surgery is a recognized high-risk factor for ocular infection ( Reddy et al, 2015 ).…”

“…In microoxic environments, we estimated L-glutamic acid accumulation, since genes expression related to alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism were up-regulated. L-glutamic acid damage retinal ganglion cells, inhibit axonal growth, elevate inflammatory and glial-cell related genes expression have been reported previously ( Liu M. et al, 2022 ; Liu Q. et al, 2022 ). ATP and glutamate induce proinflammatory factor release from microglia, including TNF (tumor necrosis factor), IL-1β (interleukin 1 beta), and NO (nitric oxide) ( Jesudasan et al, 2021 ).…”