Temporary dermal scatter reduction: Quantitative assessment and implications for improved laser tattoo removal

McNichols, Roger J.; Fox, Matthew A.; Gowda, Ashok; Shilagard, Tuya; Bell, Brent A.; Motamedi, Massoud

doi:10.1002/lsm.20152

Cited by 61 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This effect is greatest for paraffin oil. Vargas et al [10,36] also observed in an animal model that application of glycerol prior to OCT measurements reduces the amount of refractive mismatch found in the tissue and markedly reduces random scattering, thereby, making the skin less turbid for visible wavelengths [52]. Pagnoni et al [9] observed reduction of epidermal thickness from 74 to 61 mm following a 3-week application of 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Treatment Effects and Skin Functionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Applications of optical coherence tomography in dermatology

Gambichler

Moussa

Sand

et al. 2005

Journal of Dermatological Science

261

188

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Section: Evaluation Of Treatment Effects and Skin Functionsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Applications of optical coherence tomography in dermatology

Gambichler

Moussa

Sand

et al. 2005

Journal of Dermatological Science

261

188

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“…Many different animals have been used to investigate tattoos and their associated methods of removal, including pigs, 33 -36 mice, 37 guinea pigs 25,38,39 and rabbits. 40 Despite all animal models proving valid for tattoo studies, the pig was chosen for this study not only for the similarities between human and porcine integument systems but also primarily for the comparable ratio of skin surface area to body weight.…”

Section: Animal Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Poon

Dadour

McKinley

2008

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The chemical composition of tattooing pigments has varied greatly over time according to available technologies and materials. Beginning with naturally derived plant and animal extracts, to coloured inorganic oxides and salts, through to the modern industrial organic pigments favoured in today's tattooing studios. The demand for tattooing is steadily growing as it gains cultural popularity and acceptance in today's society, but ironically, increasing numbers of individuals are seeking laser removal of their tattoos for a variety of reasons. Organic pigments are favoured for tattooing because of their high tinting strength, light fastness, enzymatic resistance, dispersion and relatively inexpensive production costs. Adverse reactions have been reported for some organic inks, as well as potential complications, during laser removal procedures stemming from the unintentional creation of toxic by-products. Currently, regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration have not approved any coloured inks to be injected into the skin, and tattoo ink manufacturers often do not disclose the ingredients in their products to maintain proprietary knowledge of their creations. A methodology was established using micro-Raman spectroscopy on an animal model to correctly identify the constituents of a selection of modern, organic tattoo inks in situ or post procedure, within the skin. This may serve as a preliminary tool prior to engaging in Q-switched laser removals to assess the risks of producing potentially hazardous compounds. Likewise, the pigments responsible for causing adverse reactions in some patients may be quickly identified to hasten any corresponding treatment.

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“…7,8 Optical clearing agents ͑OCA͒ have been explored over the past decade with great interest by numerous investigators for reducing light scattering in skin and increasing the optical transmission through skin for both therapeutic and diagnostic light-based procedures. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Although the mechanism of optical clearing of skin is still being studied, the basic effect is understood. Common skin components, hydrated collagen ͑n = 1.42͒, stratum corneum ͑n = 1.55͒, and interstitial fluid ͑n = 1.36͒ have different refractive indices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Madajet provides a compact, inexpensive alternative method of temporarily breaching the stratum corneum compared to previously reported mechanical and optical methods ͑e.g., needle injection, tape stripping, sandpaper, microneedle rollers, flashlamp irradiation of carbon dots, and laser ablation͒. [13][14][15]17,18,22,23,26,27 The Madajet also allows delivery of significantly less OCA ͑0.4 ml͒ than conventional syringe needle injection ͑4 ml͒, thus reducing the potential risks of tissue toxicity from DMSO. ͑This data were acquired in our laboratory during preliminary studies using a graduated cylinder to measure the quantity of OCA delivered by Madajet versus syringe needle.͒…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of an optical clearing agent during noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens

et al. 2010

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Abstract. Development of a noninvasive vasectomy technique may eliminate male fear of complications and result in a more popular procedure. This study explores application of an optical clearing agent ͑OCA͒ to scrotal skin to reduce laser power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy and eliminate scrotal skin burns. A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and glycerol was noninvasively delivered into scrotal skin using a pneumatic jet device. Near-infrared laser radiation was delivered in conjunction with cryogen spray cooling to the skin surface in a canine model, ex vivo and in vivo. Burst pressure ͑BP͒ measurements were conducted to quantify strength of vas closure. A 30-min application of OCA improved skin transparency by 26± 3%, reducing average power necessary for successful noninvasive laser vasectomy from 9.2 W without OCA ͑BP = 291± 31 mmHg͒ to 7.0 W with OCA ͑BP= 292± 19 mmHg͒. Control studies without OCA at 7.0 W failed to coagulate the vas with burst pressures ͑82± 28 mmHg͒ significantly below typical ejaculation pressures ͑136± 29 mmHg͒. Application of an OCA reduced the laser power necessary for successful noninvasive thermal coagulation of the vas by ϳ25%. This technique may result in use of a less expensive laser and eliminate the formation of scrotal skin burns during the procedure.

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Temporary dermal scatter reduction: Quantitative assessment and implications for improved laser tattoo removal

Cited by 61 publications

References 40 publications

Applications of optical coherence tomography in dermatology

Applications of optical coherence tomography in dermatology

In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy

Application of an optical clearing agent during noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens

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