Temporally irregular electrical stimulation to the epileptogenic focus delays epileptogenesis in rats

Neurostimulation as a Method of Treatment and a Preventive Measure in Canine Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: Current State and Future Prospects

“…Empirical evidence of the influence of electrical stimulation on epileptogenic process is already available from animal models. DBS performed in irregular intervals during interictal phases slowed progression of kindling-induced epileptogenesis and decreased generalized seizure duration in rats ( 164 ). High frequency DBS applied during 3 months in a macaque model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy decreased levels of mRNA of genes involved in focal-adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction pathway ( 165 ), known to be up-regulated in epileptogenesis ( 166 ).…”

The Appearance Order of Varying Intervals Introduces Extra Modulation Effects on Neuronal Firing Through Non-linear Dynamics of Sodium Channels During High-Frequency Stimulations

“…Pulse frequency is the most commonly used parameter to adjust the effects of DBS applications. For example, different temporal patterns of stimulation with varying frequency (IPI) have been investigated to modulate central nervous system arousal in intact mice (Quinkert et al, 2010;Quinkert and Pfaff, 2012) and in mice with traumatic brain injury (Tabansky et al, 2014) and to suppress epileptogenesis (Santos-Valencia et al, 2019). Irregular temporal patterns of stimulation clearly offer the opportunity to improve the efficacy and efficiency of DBS therapies (Grill, 2018).…”

“…Besides constant IPI, irregular temporal patterns of stimulation (i.e., sequences with varying IPI) have been exploited to improve the DBS therapies as well as to probe the underlying mechanisms of DBS (Grill, 2018). For example, stimulations with random IPI have emerged as a strategy to suppress the epileptic activity of neural networks (Cota et al, 2009;Mesquita et al, 2011;Medeiros et al, 2012;Santos-Valencia et al, 2019) and to affect central nervous system arousal (Quinkert et al, 2010;Quinkert and Pfaff, 2012;Tabansky et al, 2014). These studies demonstrated a significant effect of temporally random IPI on behavioral outcomes of seizure suppression or CNS arousal evaluated on experimental animals.…”

The Endocannabinoid System Activation as a Neural Network Desynchronizing Mediator for Seizure Suppression

“…Electrographically, NPS has been shown to rectify spectral signatures (de Souza Silva et al, 2019) and possibly to decrease the duration of epileptiform activity, the number and the frequency of epileptiform spikes (de Oliveira et al, 2019). An approach very similar to NPS termed Temporally Irregular DBS (TiDBS) has been used to effectively impair epileptogenesis induced by amygdalar kindling, shortening daily afterdischarge duration, and interfering with propagation patterns of epileptiform activity (Santos-Valencia et al, 2019). Other forms of desynchronizing ES have been used to suppress seizures or decrease cortical excitability, with correlated electrographical findings (Quinkert et al, 2010;Wyckhuys et al, 2010).…”