Temporal patterns of crop‐raiding by primates: linking food availability in croplands and adjacent forest

Abstract

Summary Primates dominate lists of pests that damage crops around African parks and reserves. Beyond creating management problems, crop foraging is integral to the ecology of primates inhabiting forest—agriculture ecotones. Twenty‐three months of data from four villages around Kibale National Park, Uganda, revealed that redtail monkeys Cercopithecus ascanius, olive baboons Papio cynocephalus and chimpanzees Pan troglodytes selected different crops or plant parts. Baboons took root and tuber crops ignored by other primates, and fed on the greatest variety of crops. All three species preferred maize and/or bananas. Redtails ate only banana fruit, baboons ate banana fruit more frequently than pith, and chimpanzees raided pith and fruit in equal proportions. Each primate showed a distinct monthly pattern of crop foraging, significantly non‐random for baboons and redtail monkeys, weakly for chimpanzees. Large inter‐monthly variation was observed for all three primates, but was least pronounced in redtails. Raiding frequency on maize peaked approximately 8 weeks after the onset of rains and was strongly correlated between the three primate species. Abundant forest fruit did not diminish primate appetite for maize. Raiding frequency on bananas varied considerably despite continuous availability of fruit and pith. Peaks in banana consumption were unrelated to rainfall or maize raiding, but were associated instead with forest fruit shortages, specifically Mimusops bagshawei. Chimpanzees consumed banana pith more frequently when forest fruits were scarce, whereas baboons targeted more banana fruits. The use of banana pith by chimpanzees supports the suggestion that energy‐rich pith is crucial to chimpanzees during fruit scarcity. Conservation of Mimusops bagshawei and other key forest fruit trees may lessen primate raiding intensity on perennial crops, e.g. bananas. Maize raiding appears unaffected by forest fruit abundance. Such highly palatable crops are best planted > 500 m from the forest edge. Planting agroforestry buffers along park edges creates ideal habitat for crop‐raiders. This management strategy is appropriate where human population density is low and crop raiding species are legal game. When dangerous or destructive wildlife species forage amidst densely settled subsistence farmland, managers are challenged to separate forests from agriculture using non‐palatable plant barriers or electric fences.

Crop-raiding macaques: predictions, patterns and perceptions from Langtang National Park, Nepal

“…Cropraiding was highest for maize and potatoes, substantially less common for cereals and decreased with increasing distance between the farm and the nearest forest. In general, this pattern confirms previous studies conducted on crop-raiding by cercopithecids (Naughton-Treves 1998, Sillero-Zubiri & Switzer 2001, Hill 2002, Gillingham & Lee 2003, Marchal 2005, Linkie et al 2007, Nekaris et al 2013). Factors other than the absolute distance from the forest may determine levels of crop-raiding.…”

“…insects, rodents, birds and livestock), primates in particular can be significant pests because of their opportunism, adaptability, intelligence and manipulative abilities (Naughton-Treves 1998, Sillero-Zubiri & Switzer 2001, Warren et al 2007). Farmers' perceptions of the most notorious crop pests are often influenced by factors other than crop damage (NaughtonTreves et al 1998, Hill 2004, Naughton-Treves & Treves 2005.…”

Forest Fragmentation as Cause of Bacterial Transmission among Nonhuman Primates, Humans, and Livestock, Uganda

“…The fi rst 2 species are folivorous and can survive even on the depauperate forest vegetation of the fragments in which they reside (11). Red-tailed guenons are omnivorous primates that favor fruit and insects in undisturbed sections of Kibale (24) but survive in nearby fragments by habitually raiding crops from adjacent farmlands (25).…”

Mitigación de daños provocados por fauna silvestre en cultivos agrícolas en un bosque montano de Bolivia

“…A pesar de la diferencia en tamaño y abundancia de las especies depredadoras, las pérdidas de yuca registradas en este estudio fueron superiores a las registradas en África por Naugthon- Treves et al (1998) y por Hill (2000), pero las pérdidas en cultivos de maíz fueron inferiores a las reportadas por Weladji y Tchamba (2003) en África, aunque similares a lo reportado para el ANMI Apolobamba, Bolivia (Morales, 2003) y para México (RomeroBalderas et al, 2006). No se pudo realizar otras comparaciones para el caso de la walusa ya que no existen más estudios sobre daños por fauna silvestre sobre este cultivo que el de Pérez y Pacheco (2006).…”