TemporalIn VitroRaman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Replication Kinetics of Epstein–Barr Virus Infection in Glial Cells

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy can be used as a tool to study virus entry and pathogen-driven manipulation of the host efficiently. To date, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) entry and altered biochemistry of the glial cell upon infection are elusive. In this study, we detected biomolecular changes in human glial cells, namely, HMC-3 (microglia) and U-87 MG (astrocytes), at two variable cellular locations (nucleus and periphery) by Raman spectroscopy post-EBV infection at different time points. Two possible phenomena, one attributed to the response of the cell to viral attachment and invasion and the other involved in duplication of the virus followed by egress from the host cell, are investigated. These changes corresponded to unique Raman spectra associated with specific biomolecules in the infected and the uninfected cells. The Raman signals from the nucleus and periphery of the cell also varied, indicating differential biochemistry and signaling processes involved in infection progression at these locations. Molecules such as cholesterol, glucose, hyaluronan, phenylalanine, phosphoinositide, etc. are associated with the alterations in the cellular biochemical homeostasis. These molecules are mainly responsible for cellular processes such as lipid transport, cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in the cells. Raman signatures of these molecules at distinct time points of infection indicated their periodic involvement, depending on the stage of virus infection. Therefore, it is possible to discern the details of variability in EBV infection progression in glial cells at the biomolecular level using time-dependent in vitro Raman scattering.

Low voltage colour modulation in hydrothermally grown Ni‐Co nanoneedles for electrochromic application

“…The peak position completely matches with the JCPDS no 20-0781 and reveals the existence of NiCo 2 O 4 phase in the inverse spinal crystal structure [37]. Further, to understand the vibrational mode and validation of XRD results, Raman spectroscopy has been performed on the film using 633 nm excitation wavelength due to its versatile nature [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] The morphology of white translucent film of NiCo 2 O 4 , as revealed by XRD and Raman measurements, have been studied using SEM ( Figure 2) revealing a film consisting of nanoneedles. Figure 2a is showing the top view image of the film revealing vertically aligned nanoneedle architecture with sharp tips.…”

Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Coinfection Stimulates Aggressiveness in Gastric Cancer through the Regulation of Gankyrin

“…It has been reported that I10 and EBV take 4 to 6 h to infect the epithelial cells ( 19 , 20 ). Prior to the incubation of I10 with AGS cells, we performed Gram staining and observed a regular spiral shape of the bacteria (see Fig.…”

Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation

“…EBV’s ability to infect neuronal cells was established by Jha et al, who were able to successfully infect the neuroblastoma cell line Sh-Sy5y, neurons from the teratocarcinoma line Ntera2, and primary human fetal neurons [ 54 ]. In addition, EBV has been shown to infect HMC-3, a microglial cell line, and U-87 MG, an astrocyte cell line [ 55 ].…”

“…EBV's ability to infect neuronal cells was established by Jha et al, who were able to successfully infect the neuroblastoma cell line Sh-Sy5y, neurons from the teratocarcinoma line Ntera2, and primary human fetal neurons [54]. In addition, EBV has been shown to infect HMC-3, a microglial cell line, and U-87 MG, an astrocyte cell line [55]. This review will begin with an overview of EBV reactivation and the lytic and latent cycles, including recent advances in our understanding of how EBV establishes and maintains latency.…”