Temporal, geographic, and host distribution of avian paramyxovirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus)

Abstract

Newcastle disease is caused by virulent forms of avian paramyxovirus of serotype 1 (APMV-1) and has global economic importance. The disease reached panzootic proportions within two decades after first being identified in 1926 in the United Kingdom and Indonesia and still remains endemic in many countries across the world. Here we review information on the host, temporal, and geographic distribution of APMV-1 genetic diversity based on the evolutionary systematics of the complete coding region of the fusion gene. Strains of APMV-1 are phylogenetically separated into two classes (class I and class II) and further classified into genotypes based on genetic differences. Class I viruses are genetically less diverse, generally present in wild waterfowl, and are of low virulence. Class II viruses are genetically and phenotypically more diverse, frequently isolated from poultry with occasional spillovers into wild birds, and exhibit a wider range of virulence. Waterfowl, cormorants, and pigeons are natural reservoirs of all APMV-1 pathotypes, except viscerotropic velogenic viruses for which natural reservoirs have not been identified. Genotypes I and II within class II include isolates of high and low virulence, the latter often being used as vaccines. Viruses of genotypes III and IX that emerged decades ago are now isolated rarely, but may be found in domestic and wild birds in China. Containing only virulent viruses and responsible for the majority of recent outbreaks in poultry and wild birds, viruses from genotypes V, VI, and VII, are highly mobile and have been isolated on different continents. Conversely, virulent viruses of genotypes XI (Madagascar), XIII (mainly Southwest Asia), XVI (North America) and XIV, XVII and XVIII (Africa) appear to have a more limited geographic distribution and have been isolated predominantly from poultry.

Response of cyclophosphamide-treated broiler chickens to challenge with velogenic Newcastle disease virus

“…Strains are divided into two classes: Class I and Class II, with Class II further divided into 18 genotypes (Diel et al 2012;Dimitrov et al 2016). Class I viruses are typically isolated from wild birds and all are of low virulence except for one strain, chicken/Ireland/1990 (Alexander et al 1992).…”

“…Class II, genotype II viruses contain NDV of low virulence, some of which (B1, La Sota, VG/GA) are used as NDV vaccines, and vNDV that are not commonly isolated (Miller et al 2010). NDV strains of Class II, genotypes III-IX and XI-XVI11 are all virulent isolated from different parts of the world (Courtney et al 2013;Diel et al 2012;Dimitrov et al 2016;Shittu et al 2016). Isolates of class II, genotype X are of low virulence and most often found in wild birds, but some have been isolated from some poultry species (Miller et al, 2009;Diel et al 2012).…”

Efficacy of a Recombinant Genotype VII Vaccine against Challenge with Velogenic Newcastle Disease Virus

“…Newcastle virus (NDV) is an enveloped, nonsegmented singlestranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Avulavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae [1]. NDVs are phylogenetically separated into two classes (I & II) and further classified into different genotypes based on genetic differences [2].…”

“…All genotype VII viruses are predicted to be virulent with wide geographical distribution [1]. Commercial NDV vaccines including LaSota have been widely used in China decades ago.…”

<b>Detecção e caracterização moleculares dos paramixovírus aviários tipo 1 em materiais provenientes de aves silvestres utilizando testes para a detecção dos vírus da família viral Paramyxoviridae</b>

“…Estes vírus são classificados como lentogênicos e velogênicos e causam infecções em aves domésticas e silvestres (DIMITROV et al, 2016 O genotipo IX tem sido detectado principalmente na China (ZHANG et al, 2011).…”