Our study demonstrates the repeated isolation of vaccine-derived Newcastle disease viruses from different species of wild birds across four continents from 1997 through 2014. The data indicate that at least 17 species from ten avian orders occupying different habitats excrete vaccine-derived Newcastle disease viruses. The most frequently reported isolates were detected among individuals in the order Columbiformes (n = 23), followed in frequency by the order Anseriformes (n = 13). Samples were isolated from both free-ranging (n = 47) and wild birds kept in captivity (n = 7). The number of recovered vaccine-derived viruses corresponded with the most widely utilized vaccines, LaSota (n = 28) and Hitchner B1 (n = 19). Other detected vaccine-derived viruses resembled the PHY-LMV2 and V4 vaccines, with five and two cases, respectively. These results and the ubiquitous and synanthropic nature of wild pigeons highlight their potential role as indicator species for the presence of Newcastle disease virus of low virulence in the environment. The reverse spillover of live agents from domestic animals to wildlife as a result of the expansion of livestock industries employing massive amounts of live virus vaccines represent an underappreciated and poorly studied effect of human activity on wildlife.
AGRADECIMENTOSAgradeço primeiramente aos meus pais e irmãos pelo apoio recebido durante esta fase tão importante na minha vida.À minha orientadora Profa Dra. Helena Lage Ferreira, pela confiança, pela atenção e dedicação a mim em todos os momentos que precisei e principalmente a paciência para me orientar e me passar todos os conhecimentos que tenho hoje. Muito, muito, muito obrigada! Agradeço a todos do Laboratório Multiusuário de Saúde Animal e Segurança Alimentar pelos nossos momentos juntos. Em especial a Vanessa maravilhosa, sempre alegrando o laboratório e dando dicas valiosas. À Julia, a melhor técnica do mundo e a mais forte, que sempre disposta a nos ajudar dentro e fora do laboratório e pela sua amizade. Ao Guilherme, sempre me ajudando, tirando minhas dúvidas e curiosidades. Ao Raphael e a Laís, nós formamos o trio parada dura. Nossas rodas de discussão, apoios dentro e fora do laboratório, nossas tardes de trabalho e nossa amizade.Aos que fizeram meus dias em Pirassununga especiais, divertidos e menos solitários: Erika, Eduardo, Emily, Matar, Cury, Bruna, Atanásio, entre outros.A todos os professores que fizeram parte da minha formação cientifica e principalmente ao Prof Dr. Ricardo Albuquerque, por ter apresentado a orientadora maravilhosa que tenho hoje e por me incentivar sempre. PCR were successfully validated, however they had differences in the limit of detection when compared to specific RRT-PCR assays using different viruses. In total, 100 wild bird samples (swabs) were tested by the selected RT-PCR with similar limit of detection between tested viruses. Two samples were positive by this test and they were also detected by the specific RRT-PCR for NDV. These samples were closed related to vaccinal NDV strains belonging to genotype II class II. Deduced amino acid sequences of cleavage site region from detected samples were characterized as lentogenic NDV strains ( 113 RQGR ↓ L 117 ). Our study demonstrates the poor biosafety used by poultry industry allowing the vaccinal escape to wild bird species.
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