Temporal Dynamics of Varying Physical Loads on Speed and Accuracy of Cognitive Control

Finkenzeller, Thomas; Würth, Sabine; Doppelmayr, Michael; Amesberger, Günter

doi:10.1123/jsep.2018-0239

Cited by 5 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…We find that very light and light intensities exert variable effects on inhibitory control. Relative to rest, three studies demonstrated improved response times ( Joyce et al, 2009 ; Komiyama et al, 2017 ; Finkenzeller et al, 2019 ) at very light and light intensity, and two demonstrated no effects ( John et al, 2009 ; Ando et al, 2011 ). With regards to accuracy, two studies demonstrated decreased response accuracy for incongruent trials on the Eriksen Flanker task, with no changes to response time ( Pontifex and Hillman, 2007 ; Olson et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: What Has Been Found?mentioning

confidence: 92%

“…In total, twelve studies have investigated motor response inhibition or interference control while participants either ran or cycled at moderate intensity, compared to a rest condition. Improvements in inhibitory control are primarily reported as improvements in response times across seven studies, with one study also demonstrating improved accuracy ( Davranche et al, 2009 ; Ando et al, 2014 ; Komiyama et al, 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ; Olson et al, 2016 ; Finkenzeller et al, 2019 ). Three studies found decrements in inhibitory control at moderate intensity.…”

Section: What Has Been Found?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise

Cantelon

Giles

2021

Front. Psychol.

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A growing body of work has investigated the effects of acute, or single bouts of, aerobic exercise on cognitive function. However, review of this research has largely focused on changes following exercise, with less focus on cognitive changes during exercise. The purpose of this review is to discuss the critical characteristics of this literature to date, including: (1) what has been done, (2) what has been found, and (3) what is next. Furthermore, previous meta-analytic reviews have demonstrated there is a small positive effect on cognition when measured during exercise, with executive functions showing the largest effects. However, these reviews group executive functions together. Here we explore how inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility are individually impacted by factors such as exercise intensity or duration. Searches of electronic databases and reference lists from relevant studies resulted in 73 studies meeting inclusion criteria. Studies were grouped by executive and non-executive cognitive domains, intensity and duration of exercise bouts. Within the executive domain, we found that effects on working memory and cognitive flexibility remain mixed, effects on inhibition are clearer. Moderate intensity exercise improves response time, vigorous intensity impairs accuracy. Moderate to vigorous intensity improves response time across non-executive domains of attention, motor speed and information processing, with no significant effects on accuracy. Memory processes are consistently improved during exercise. Effects of exercise duration on response time and accuracy are nuanced and vary by cognitive domain. Studies typically explore durations of 45 min or less, extended exercise durations remain largely unexplored. We highlight factors to consider when assessing exercise-cognition relationships, as well as current gaps and future directions for work in this field.

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Section: What Has Been Found?mentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: What Has Been Found?mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise

Cantelon

Giles

2021

Front. Psychol.

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“…This interference was present independently of valence [25]. Furthermore, an Eriksen flanker task was used to determine that moderate physiological arousal, induced by a set of physical exercises, facilitated processing of information in the congruent condition, but not in the incongruent condition [45]. The effect of arousal among neutral stimuli was also shown in a study using emotional words and flanker task [46].…”

Section: Emotional Factors Of Valence and Arousal In Interference Conmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Two separate study samples, each consisting of fifty-nine participants ( Based on the studies using Emotional Stroop Task [36,54] and flanker task with emotional stimuli [43,45] we expected the η 2 ranging from .1 to .21 for the significant effects regarding accuracy of the answers and from .15 to .35 for the effects regarding reaction times. We conducted a-priori power analyses for the study using G-Power 3 software [58].…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valence and arousal of words in visual and conceptual interference control efficiency

et al. 2020

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Cognitive control efficiency is susceptible to the emotional state of an individual. The aim of the current experiment was to search for the role of valence and arousal of emotion-laden words in a performance efficiency of a modified emotional Stroop task (EST) combined with the flanker task. Both paradigms allow for the measurement of the interference control, but interference appears on different stages of stimulus processing. In the flanker task, the interference is perceptual, while in EST, it is based on the emotional meaning of stimuli. We expected to find the effects of emotionality of words, that is, arousal and valence levels, for interference measured with EST. In a series of two experiments, the results confirmed that a high arousal level enlarges the reaction latencies to the EST. We also identified interaction between valence and arousal in shaping reaction latencies. We found the flanker congruency effect. We did not find interactions between emotional factors and flanker congruency. This suggests that interference measured with the EST and flanker task are in fact different from one another, and while using the modified EST combined with the flanker task, the word-meaning effects do not interfere with pure perceptual interferences.

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“…In the case of arousal, it was observed that highly arousing verbal stimuli result in emotional interference separately from the valence effect [ 13 ]. Additionally, research has shown that the arousal induced by physical activity supports cognitive processing in congruent trials but undermines it in incongruent trials [ 34 ]. The influence of arousal on cognitive control was also demonstrated in a study using the recall of emotionally loaded words [ 35 , 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological correlates of interference control in the modified emotional Stroop task with emotional stimuli differing in valence, arousal, and subjective significance

et al. 2021

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The role of emotional factors in maintaining cognitive control is one of the most intriguing issues in understanding emotion-cognition interactions. In the current experiment, we assessed the role of emotional factors (valence, arousal, and subjective significance) in perceptual and conceptual inhibition processes. We operationalised both processes with the classical cognitive paradigms, i.e., the flanker task and the emotional Stroop task merged into a single experimental procedure. The procedure was based on the presentation of emotional words displayed in four different font colours flanked by the same emotional word printed with the same or different font colour. We expected to find distinct effects of both types of interference: earlier for perceptual and later for emotional interference. We also predicted an increased arousal level to disturb inhibitory control effectiveness, while increasing the subjective significance level should improve this process. As we used orthogonal manipulations of emotional factors, our study allowed us for the first time to assess interactions within emotional factors and between types of interference. We found on the behavioural level the main effects of flanker congruency as well as effects of emotionality. On the electrophysiological level, we found effects for EPN, P2, and N450 components of ERPs. The exploratory analysis revealed that effects due to perceptual interference appeared earlier than the effects of emotional interference, but they lasted for an extended period of processing, causing perceptual and emotional interference to partially overlap. Finally, in terms of emotional interference, we showed the effect of subjective significance: the reduction of interference cost in N450 for highly subjective significant stimuli. This study is the first one allowing for the investigation of two different types of interference in a single experiment, and provides insight into the role of emotion in cognitive control.

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Temporal Dynamics of Varying Physical Loads on Speed and Accuracy of Cognitive Control

Cited by 5 publications

References 32 publications

A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise

A Review of Cognitive Changes During Acute Aerobic Exercise

Valence and arousal of words in visual and conceptual interference control efficiency

Electrophysiological correlates of interference control in the modified emotional Stroop task with emotional stimuli differing in valence, arousal, and subjective significance

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