Temporal and spatial variation in recent vehicular emission inventories in China based on dynamic emission factors

Abstract

The vehicular emission trend in China was tracked for the recent period 2006-2009 based on a database of dynamic emission factors of CO, nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), NO x , PM 10 , CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O for all categories of on-road motor vehicles in China, which was developed at the provincial level using the COPERT 4 model, to account for the effects of rapid advances in engine technologies, implementation of improved emission standards, emission deterioration due to mileage, and fuel quality improvement. Results show that growth rates of CO and NMVOC emissions slowed down, but NO x and PM 10 emissions continued rising rapidly for the period 2006-2009. Moreover, CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O emissions in 2009 almost doubled compared to those in 2005. Characteristics of recent spatial distribution of emissions and emission contributions by vehicle category revealed that priority of vehicular emission control should be put on the eastern and southeastern coastal provinces and northern regions, and passenger cars and motorcycles require stricter control for the reduction of CO and NMVOC emissions, while effective reduction of NO x and PM 10 emissions can be achieved by better control of heavy-duty vehicles, buses and coaches, and passenger cars. Explicit provincial-level Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, which quantified for the first time the Chinese vehicular emission uncertainties associated with both COPERT-derived and domestically measured emission factors by vehicle technology, showed that CO, NMVOC, and NO x emissions for the period 2006-2009 were calculated with the least uncertainty, followed by PM 10 and CO 2 , despite relatively larger uncertainties in N 2 O and CH 4 emissions. The quantified low uncertainties of emissions revealed a necessity of applying vehicle technology-and vehicle age-specific dynamic emission factors for vehicular emission estimation, and these improved methodologies are applicable for routine update and forecast of China's on-road motor vehicle emissions.Implications: This paper tracks the temporal and spatial variation characteristics in recent vehicular emission inventories in China based on dynamic emission factors. The fact that CO and NMVOC emissions kept growing at reduced rates and the NO x , PM 10 , and GHG emissions continued rising rapidly reveals that it was insufficient to bring down the rapid growth of NO x , PM 10 , and CO 2 emissions by merely tightening emission standards and improving fuel quality of motor vehicles. The results will assist decision makers to formulate effective control policies for China's vehicular emissions. The improved methodologies are applicable for routine update of China's vehicular emission inventories.

Verification of anthropogenic VOC emission inventory through ambient measurements and satellite retrievals

“…Subsequently, the results can be used for the verification of the species-specific emissions of the EF-based inventory. Since the satellite data possess the advantage of reflecting the spatial characteristics of VOCs (Fu et al, 2007), satellite-derived anthropogenic VOC emission estimations obtained from the chemical transport model can be utilized to evaluate the spatial distribution of the EF-based emission inventories (Cao et al, 2018).…”

Synthese, motorische Verbrennung, Emissionen: Chemische Aspekte des Kraftstoffdesigns

“…Biokraftstoffe wie Alkohol und andere aus Biomasse hergestellte Chemikalien sind ein integraler Teil eines nachhaltigen Energieportfolios, indem sie Energiesicherheit und Verringerung von Treibhausgasen versprechen . Sie gelten als relevant für die Deckung des schnell wachsenden Bedarfs für bodengebundenen Transport in verschiedenen geographischen Regionen, einschließlich und insbesondere in China, und sollen Auswirkungen von Fahrzeugemissionen mildern. Durch Beimischung von Biokraftstoffen zu konventionellen Kraftstoffen können beispielsweise die Emissionen einiger gesetzlich geregelter Schadstoffe im Straßenverkehr reduziert werden wie z.…”

“…Diese Werte hatten die USA bereits in den frühen 1920er Jahren erreicht. Bedenkt man die beunruhigende Luftqualität vor allem in asiatischen Ballungsräumen in Verbindung mit dem rasanten Anstieg der Emissionen von Feinstaub und flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen und dem absehbaren exponentiellen Anstieg der Fahrzeugdichte, so ist jeder Lösungsansatz für diese Probleme zu begrüßen. Noch deutlicher wird die Dringlichkeit der Situation vor dem Hintergrund der Diskussion von Yan und Crookes, die auf der Basis aktueller Studien die durchschnittlichen Emissionen pro Fahrzeug in chinesischen Städten untersuchten.…”

Advanced Biofuels and Beyond: Chemistry Solutions for Propulsion and Production

“…[21] Whereas the USA and Western Europe exhibited saturated levels of around 800 and 600 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants,respectively,between 2002 and 2012, the increase in Asia during the same period was from about 40 to 75, and in China from about 20 to 80 per 1000 inhabitants.T hese values had already been reached in the USA in the early 1920s.Considering the distressing air quality especially in Asian megacities arising from rapid increases in particulate and volatile organic compound emissions, [7] and with aprojected exponential growth in vehicle density, [5] any contributions towards alleviating these problems are welcome.T his situation is even more urgent in light of studies discussed recently by Yana nd Crookes, [5] who examined the average emission per vehicle in urban areas of China.…”

“…[1] Biofuels such as alcohols and other biomass-derived chemicals are considered an integral part of as ustainable energy portfolio, [2] where they promise to contribute to energy security and greenhouse gas mitigation. [2][3][4] They are discussed as relevant to meet fast-growing demands for ground transportation in different geographical regions,i ncluding China, in particular, [5][6][7] and alleviate the resulting impact of vehicle emissions.F or example,t he addition of biofuel to conventional fuels may reduce the emissions of some regulated pollutants originating from transportation, [8,9] especially of particulate matter from the combustion of diesel, [10][11][12] which may cause adverse health effects [13,14] and contribute to climate change. [15,16] Even though the introduction of alternative propulsion technologies,including fuel cells as well as electric and hybrid vehicles,c an be expected to contribute to an increasing diversity in the transportation sector,i nternal combustion engines will still be the prime movers for the transport of goods and passengers for many years to come.T hus,t here is ac lear need for fuels that emit lower levels of greenhouse gases,c ause less local pollution, and deliver enhanced efficiency.…”