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Cited by 10 publications
References 23 publications
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Historical Aspects 1.3. Biology 1.4. Chemical Composition 2. Structure 2.1. Morphology 2.2. α‐ and β‐Keratin 2.3. Two‐Phase Model 3. Properties 3.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 3.2. Chemical Reactivity 4. Resources and Raw Materials 4.1. Sheep Rearing and Breeding 4.2. Places of Origin and Types of Raw Wool 5. Production Processes 5.1. Methods of Obtaining Wool 5.2. Raw Wool Scouring 5.3. Mechanical Processing 5.4. Chemical Processing: Pretreatment 5.5. Dyeing and Finishing 6. Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications 8. Testing and Analysis 9. Storage and Transportation 10. Uses 11. Trademarks 12. Economic Aspects 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Historical Aspects 1.3. Biology 1.4. Chemical Composition 2. Structure 2.1. Morphology 2.2. α‐ and β‐Keratin 2.3. Two‐Phase Model 3. Properties 3.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 3.2. Chemical Reactivity 4. Resources and Raw Materials 4.1. Sheep Rearing and Breeding 4.2. Places of Origin and Types of Raw Wool 5. Production Processes 5.1. Methods of Obtaining Wool 5.2. Raw Wool Scouring 5.3. Mechanical Processing 5.4. Chemical Processing: Pretreatment 5.5. Dyeing and Finishing 6. Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications 8. Testing and Analysis 9. Storage and Transportation 10. Uses 11. Trademarks 12. Economic Aspects 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health
The structural proteins that comprise approximately 90% of animal hair have the potential to record environmentally and physiologically determined variation in delta2H and delta18O values of body water. Broad, systematic, geospatial variation in stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of environmental water and the capacity for rapid, precise measurement via methods such as high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TC/EA-IRMS) make these isotope systems particularly well suited for applications requiring the geolocation of hair samples. In order for such applications to be successful, however, methods must exist for the accurate determination of hair delta2H and delta18O values reflecting the primary products of biosynthesis. Here, we present the results of experiments designed to examine two potential inaccuracies affecting delta2H and delta18O measurements of hair: the contribution of non-biologic hydrogen and oxygen to samples in the form of sorbed molecular water, and the exchange of hydroxyl-bound hydrogen between hair keratin and ambient water vapor. We show that rapid sorption of molecular water from the atmosphere can have a substantial effect on measured delta2H and delta18O values of hair (comprising approximately 7.7% of the measured isotopic signal for H and up to approximately 10.6% for O), but that this contribution can be effectively removed through vacuum-drying of samples for 6 days. Hydrogen exchange between hair keratin and ambient vapor is also rapid (reaching equilibrium within 3-4 days), with 9-16% of the total hydrogen available for exchange at room temperature. Based on the results of these experiments, we outline a recommended sample treatment procedure for routine measurement of delta2H and delta18O in mammal hair.
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