Wool

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition 1.2. Historical Aspects 1.3. Biology 1.4. Chemical Composition 2. Structure 2.1. Morphology 2.2. α‐ and β‐Keratin 2.3. Two‐Phase Model 3. Properties 3.1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 3.2. Chemical Reactivity 4. Resources and Raw Materials 4.1. Sheep Rearing and Breeding 4.2. Places of Origin and Types of Raw Wool 5. Production Processes 5.1. Methods of Obtaining Wool 5.2. Raw Wool Scouring 5.3. Mechanical Processing 5.4. Chemical Processing: Pretreatment 5.5. Dyeing and Finishing 6. Environmental Protection 7. Quality Specifications 8. Testing and Analysis 9. Storage and Transportation 10. Uses 11. Trademarks 12. Economic Aspects 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health

Acrylic/keratin composite of enhanced dyeability towards cationic and anionic dyes

“…The sulphur content of keratin was adversely reduced after casting with acrylic into film. This might be explained by the liberation of hydrogen sulphide gas from keratin macromolecules under the influence of the alkaline medium used in the dissolution of wool .…”

Acrylic/keratin composite of enhanced dyeability towards cationic and anionic dyes

“…The sulphur content of keratin was adversely reduced after casting with acrylic into film. This might be explained by the liberation of hydrogen sulphide gas from keratin macromolecules under the influence of the alkaline medium used in the dissolution of wool .…”

Wool cortical cell-based porous films

“…Washing with water removes the hydrolyzed cuticle proteins (see Figure 1), but the alkali binds to the fiber so firmly that it cannot be completely removed even by rinsing until neutrality. 22 Moreover, degradation of cystine at low alkali concentration leads to dehydroalanine and thiocysteine intermediates via β-elimination reactions and, finally, to lanthionine and lysinoalanine cross-links. 23

Figure 1.Wool fibers without cuticle cells (scanning electron microscope 1000×).

…”

Spatial Probing of the Properties of the Human Hair Surface Using Wilhelmy Force Profiles

“…Considering the origin of the F-layer, this is rather plausible. The layer was part of the original cell membrane between inner root sheath and cuticle and preserves in a specific way the composition, which the lipid bilayer, it originates from, had at the point in time when it was linked covalently to the protein layer underneath and in the context of cell apoptosis. This concept readily leads to the expectations that detailed daily and monthly cyclic changes of the membrane properties should be reflected in its surface energy.…”

Acrylic/keratin composite of enhanced dyeability towards cationic and anionic dyes

“…The sulphur content of keratin was adversely reduced after casting with acrylic into film. This might be explained by the liberation of hydrogen sulphide gas from keratin macromolecules under the influence of the alkaline medium used in the dissolution of wool .…”

Wool cortical cell-based porous films

“…Washing with water removes the hydrolyzed cuticle proteins (see Figure 1), but the alkali binds to the fiber so firmly that it cannot be completely removed even by rinsing until neutrality. 22 Moreover, degradation of cystine at low alkali concentration leads to dehydroalanine and thiocysteine intermediates via β-elimination reactions and, finally, to lanthionine and lysinoalanine cross-links. 23

Figure 1.Wool fibers without cuticle cells (scanning electron microscope 1000×).

…”

Spatial Probing of the Properties of the Human Hair Surface Using Wilhelmy Force Profiles

“…Considering the origin of the F-layer, this is rather plausible. The layer was part of the original cell membrane between inner root sheath and cuticle and preserves in a specific way the composition, which the lipid bilayer, it originates from, had at the point in time when it was linked covalently to the protein layer underneath and in the context of cell apoptosis. This concept readily leads to the expectations that detailed daily and monthly cyclic changes of the membrane properties should be reflected in its surface energy.…”

Acrylic/keratin composite of enhanced dyeability towards cationic and anionic dyes

“…The sulphur content of keratin was adversely reduced after casting with acrylic into film. This might be explained by the liberation of hydrogen sulphide gas from keratin macromolecules under the influence of the alkaline medium used in the dissolution of wool .…”

Wool cortical cell-based porous films

“…Washing with water removes the hydrolyzed cuticle proteins (see Figure 1), but the alkali binds to the fiber so firmly that it cannot be completely removed even by rinsing until neutrality. 22 Moreover, degradation of cystine at low alkali concentration leads to dehydroalanine and thiocysteine intermediates via β-elimination reactions and, finally, to lanthionine and lysinoalanine cross-links. 23

Figure 1.Wool fibers without cuticle cells (scanning electron microscope 1000×).

…”

Spatial Probing of the Properties of the Human Hair Surface Using Wilhelmy Force Profiles

“…Considering the origin of the F-layer, this is rather plausible. The layer was part of the original cell membrane between inner root sheath and cuticle and preserves in a specific way the composition, which the lipid bilayer, it originates from, had at the point in time when it was linked covalently to the protein layer underneath and in the context of cell apoptosis. This concept readily leads to the expectations that detailed daily and monthly cyclic changes of the membrane properties should be reflected in its surface energy.…”