Temperature dependence of sapphire fiber Raman scattering

Liu, Bo; Yu, Zhihao; Tian, Zhipeng; Homa, Daniel; Hill, Cary; Wang, Anbo; Pickrell, Gary

doi:10.1364/ol.40.002041

Cited by 25 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Compared to silica fibers, the sapphire fiber SC structure produces relatively sharp Raman features observed at ∼425, 580, and 750 cm −1 when excited and measured within the fiber. These features, which are consistent with other reports, 16–18 can serve as internal performance references and wavelength calibration standards while minimally affecting the Raman spectra of most samples, similar to what has been shown for other fibers. 19,20 Raman probes fabricated using SC sapphire fibers can deliver very high laser energies (>1 J/pulse) 21 to the sample, which could be useful for Raman measurements involving pulsed laser excitation and samples with high damage thresholds.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes

et al. 2019

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A spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer (SHRS), constructed using a modular optical cage and lens tube system, is described for use with a commercial silica and a custom single-crystal (SC) sapphire fiber Raman probe. The utility of these fiber-coupled SHRS chemical sensors is demonstrated using 532 nm laser excitation for acquiring Raman measurements of solid (sulfur) and liquid (cyclohexane) Raman standards as well as real-world, plastic-bonded explosives (PBX) comprising 1,3,5- triamino- 2,4,6- trinitrobenzene (TATB) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) energetic materials. The SHRS is a fixed grating-based dispersive interferometer equipped with an array detector. Each Raman spectrum was extracted from its corresponding fringe image (i.e., interferogram) using a Fourier transform method. Raman measurements were acquired with the SHRS Littrow wavelength set at the laser excitation wavelength over a spectral range of ∼1750 cm−1 with a spectral resolution of ∼8 cm−1 for sapphire and ∼10 cm−1 for silica fiber probes. The large aperture of the SHRS allows much larger fiber diameters to be used without degrading spectral resolution as demonstrated with the larger sapphire collection fiber diameter (330 μm) compared to the silica fiber (100 μm). Unlike the dual silica fiber Raman probe, the dual sapphire fiber Raman probe did not include filtering at the fiber probe tip nearest the sample. Even so, SC sapphire fiber probe measurements produced less background than silica fibers allowing Raman measurements as close as ∼85 cm−1 to the excitation laser. Despite the short lengths of sapphire fiber used to construct the sapphire probe, well-defined, sharp sapphire Raman bands at 420, 580, and 750 cm−1 were observed in the SHRS spectra of cyclohexane and the highly fluorescent HMX-based PBX. SHRS measurements of the latter produced low background interference in the extracted Raman spectrum because the broad band fluorescence (i.e., a direct current, or DC, component) does not contribute to the interferogram intensity (i.e., the alternating current, or AC, component). SHRS spectral resolution, throughput, and signal-to-noise ratio are also discussed along with the merits of using sapphire Raman bands as internal performance references and as internal wavelength calibration standards in Raman measurements.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes

et al. 2019

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“…Fiber Raman probes are a crucial device for challenging applications where access is severely restricted [9], for example, detection of hidden illegal drugs, toxic material analysis, and high temperature sensing [10]. Small dimension Raman probes have been developed for various clinical applications as they show great potential for diagnosing disease states in bodily fluids, cells, and tissues [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has proven to have a clear advantage over silica for Raman spectroscopy [9]. Furthermore, the sapphire fiber can also be used for high temperature sensing due to its high melting point(∼2053°C) and corrosion resistance [10]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no sapphire fiber Raman imaging has been demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman imaging through multimode sapphire fiber

Deng¹,

Loterie²,

Konstantinou³

et al. 2019

Opt. Express

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We report on a sapphire fiber Raman imaging probe's use for challenging applications where access is severely restricted. Small-dimension Raman probes have been developed previously for various clinical applications because they show great capability for diagnosing disease states in bodily fluids, cells, and tissues. However, applications of these sub-millimeter diameter Raman probes were constrained by two factors: first, it is difficult to incorporate filters and focusing optics at such small scale; second, the weak Raman signal is often obscured by strong background noise from the fiber probe material, especially the most commonly used silica, which has a strong broad background noise in low wavenumbers (<500-1700 cm −1). Here, we demonstrate the thinnest-known imaging Raman probe with a 60 μm diameter Sapphire multimode fiber in which both excitation and signal collection pass through. This probe takes advantage of the low fluorescence and narrow Raman peaks of Sapphire, its inherent high temperature and corrosion resistance, and large numerical aperture (NA). Raman images of Polystyrene beads, carbon nanotubes, and CaSO 4 agglomerations are obtained with a spatial resolution of 1 μm and a field of view of 30 μm. Our imaging results show that single polystyrene bead (~15 µm diameter) can be differentiated from a mixture with CaSO 4 agglomerations, which has a close Raman shift.

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“…In 2015, Liu et al investigated the temperature dependence of Raman scattering peak intensity, frequency shift, and linewidth in sapphire fibers [ 184 ]. The intensity change corresponding to the anti-Stokes peak was successfully observed from 300 to 1033 °C.…”

Section: Distributed Sensingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review

Pang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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High-temperature measurements above 1000 °C are critical in harsh environments such as aerospace, metallurgy, fossil fuel, and power production. Fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are gradually replacing traditional electronic sensors due to their small size, resistance to electromagnetic interference, remote detection, multiplexing, and distributed measurement advantages. This paper reviews the sensing principle, structural design, and temperature measurement performance of fiber-optic high-temperature sensors, as well as recent significant progress in the transition of sensing solutions from glass to crystal fiber. Finally, future prospects and challenges in developing fiber-optic high-temperature sensors are also discussed.

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Temperature dependence of sapphire fiber Raman scattering

Cited by 25 publications

References 16 publications

Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes

Spatial Heterodyne Raman Spectrometer (SHRS) for In Situ Chemical Sensing Using Sapphire and Silica Optical Fiber Raman Probes

Raman imaging through multimode sapphire fiber

Optical Fiber Sensors for High-Temperature Monitoring: A Review

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